Torque Converter

Viscous fluid coupling between rotating driveline shafts

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• Simscape / Driveline / Couplings & Drives

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Description

The Torque Converter block models a torque converter. The Torque Converter block has two mechanical rotational conserving ports that are associated with the impeller and turbine, respectively. The block transfers torque and angular velocity between the impeller port I and turbine port T by acting as a lookup table. The block can simulate drive (power flows from I port to T port) and coast (power flows from T port to I port) modes.

Limitations

When Coast mode modeling is set to Continuous:

• The impeller shaft must always rotate in a positive direction. Simulation is not valid for $${\omega }_I$$ < 0.

• If you drive the Torque Converter block by using a torque source, such as the Generic Engine block, you must include an inertia in the source to represent the engine, shaft inertia, or other source components. To ensure that the impeller starts by rotating in a positive direction, set the initial speed for this inertia to a positive value.

Ports

Conserving

I — Impeller

mechanical rotational

Mechanical rotational conserving port associated with the impeller.

T — Turbine

mechanical rotational

Mechanical rotational conserving port associated with turbine.

Parameters

Torque Characteristics

Coast mode modeling — Modeling type of torque converter

Two-mode (default) | Continuous

Modeling type of the torque converter, specified as either Two-mode or Continous. The Continous modeling type supports both drive and coast modes, but has reduced accuracy and robustness when modeling near the transition between coasting and driving modes. Therefore, if the simulation involves a coast mode, use the Two-mode modeling type due to its better robustness and accuracy when modeling the coast mode.

Drive mode speed ratio vector — Turbine speed to impeller speed ratios

[0, .5, .6, .7, .8, .87, .92, .94, .96, .97, 1] (default) | vector

Speed ratios, $$R_{\omega }$$, of the drive mode. The values in the vector must start at 0, be in ascending order, and end at 1, with each element of the vector in the range from 0 to 1.

$$R_{\omega }={\omega }_T/{\omega }_I$$

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Coast mode modeling to Two-mode.

Drive mode torque ratio vector — Turbine torque to impeller torque ratios

[2.232, 1.5462, 1.4058, 1.2746, 1.1528, 1.0732, 1.0192, 1, 1, 1, 1] (default) | vector

Torque ratios, $$R_{\tau }$$, of the drive mode. Each element of the vector should be greater than or equal to 1, and the last element must be 1.

$$R_{\tau }={\tau }_T/{\tau }_I$$

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Coast mode modeling to Two-mode.

Drive mode capacity factor vector — Capacity factors of drive mode

1e-4 * [.72558, .66322, .63463, .59042, .51331, .4144, .29287, .22444, .12186, .04386, 0] m*N/rpm^2 (default) | vector

Capacity factors,$$K^{*}$$, of the drive mode. Each element of the vector should be nonnegative, and the last element must be 0.

$$K^{*}={\tau }_I/{\omega }_I^2$$

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Coast mode modeling to Two-mode.

Coast mode speed ratio vector — Impeller speed to turbine speed ratios

[0, .5, .6, .7, .8, .87, .92, .94, .96, .97, 1] (default) | vector

Speed ratios, $${\widehat{R}}_{\omega }$$, of the coast mode. The values in the vector must start at 0, be in ascending order, and end at 1, with each element of the vector in the range from 0 to 1.

$${\widehat{R}}_{\omega }={\omega }_I/{\omega }_T$$

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Coast mode modeling to Two-mode.

Coast mode capacity factor vector — Capacity factors of coast mode

1e-4 * [.5079, .4643, .4442, .4133, .3593, .2901, .205, .1571, .0853, .0307, 0] m*N/rpm^2 (default) | vector

Capacity factors, $${\widehat{K}}^{*}$$, of the coast mode. Each element of the vector should be nonnegative, and the last element must be 0.

$${\widehat{K}}^{*}={\tau }_T/{\omega }_T^2$$

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Coast mode modeling to Two-mode.

Interpolation method — Interpolation method of lookup function

Linear (default) | Smooth

Interpolation method of the lookup function, specified as either Linear or Smooth. The method interpolates torque ratio and capacity factor functions between the discrete relative velocity values within the definition range. For more information about Linear and Smooth, see tablelookup.

Extrapolation method — Extrapolation method of lookup function

Linear (default) | Nearest | Error

Extrapolation method of the lookup function, specified as Linear, Smooth, or Error. The method extrapolates torque ratio and capacity factor functions. For more information about Linear, Smooth, and Error, see tablelookup.

Initial mode — Initial mode of simulation

Drive mode (default) | Coast mode

Initial mode of the simulation, specified as either Drive mode or Coast mode.

Mode transition threshold — Threshold of mode transition

1 rpm (default) | positive scalar

Mode transition threshold of the simulation. Setting a threshold for the mode transition can increase the simulation robustness by avoiding the high frequency mode switching.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Coast mode modeling to Two-mode.

Speed ratio vector — Turbine speed to impeller speed ratios

[0, .5, .6, .7, .8, .87, .92, .94, .96, .97] (default) | vector

Speed ratios, $$R_{\omega }$$, of the torque converter. Each element of the vector should be in ascending order and in the range from 0 to 1.

$$R_{\omega }={\omega }_T/{\omega }_I$$

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Coast mode modeling to Continuous.

Torque ratio vector — Turbine torque to impeller torque ratios

[2.232, 1.5462, 1.4058, 1.2746, 1.1528, 1.0732, 1.0192, .9983, .9983, .9983, .9983] (default) | vector

Torque ratios, $$R_{\tau }$$, of the torque converter. Each element of the vector should be positive.

$$R_{\tau }={\tau }_T/{\tau }_I$$

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Coast mode modeling to Continuous.

Capacity factor parameterization — Definition of capacity factor

Ratio of speed to square root of impeller torque (default) | Ratio of impeller torque to square of speed

Definition of the capacity factor of the converter, defined as either Ratio of speed to square root of impeller torque or Ratio of impeller torque to square of speed. The setting of this parameter affects the Capacity factor vector.

• For Ratio of speed to square root of impeller torque parameter:

  $$K=\omega /\sqrt{{\tau }_I}$$

• For Ratio of impeller torque to square of speed parameter:

  $$K^{*}={\tau }_I/{\omega }^2$$

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Coast mode modeling to Continuous.

Capacity factor reference speed — Choice of speed for capacity factor definition

Always impeller speed (default) | Turbine speed for speed ratios greater than one

Choice of speed for the capacity factor definition, specified as either Always impeller speed or Turbine speed for speed ratios greater than one.

• Always impeller speed: Use impeller speed $${\omega }_I$$ for all values of $$R_{\omega }$$.

• Turbine speed for speed ratios greater than one: Use impeller speed $${\omega }_I$$ for all values of $$R_{\omega }$$ < 1, and use turbine speed $${\omega }_T$$ when $$R_{\omega }$$ > 1.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Coast mode modeling to Continuous.

Capacity factor vector — Capacity factors

[12.2938, 12.8588, 13.1452, 13.6285, 14.6163, 16.2675, 19.3503, 22.1046, 29.9986, 50] (rad/s)/(N*m)^0.5 (default) | vector

Capacity factors of the converter. You can define the capacity factor as:

Capacity factor

$$K=\omega /\sqrt{{\tau }_I}$$	Set the Capacity factor parameterization parameter to Ratio of speed to square root of impeller torque.
$$K^{*}={\tau }_I/{\omega }^2$$	Set the Capacity factor parameterization parameter toRatio of impeller torque to square of speed. The default value is 1e-3 * [6.616, 6.048, 5.787, 5.384, 4.681, 3.779, 2.671, 2.047, 1.111, .4] N*m/(rad/s)^2.

Note

If you do not specify capacity factor data for a speed ratio of 1, the block uses a capacity factor value of 10*K_Max, where K_Max is the maximum value in the specified capacity factor vector. The corresponding torque ratio is assumed to be 0. For all other speed ratio values not explicitly specified in the lookup table data, the block uses the interpolation or extrapolation method selected in the block dialog box.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Coast mode modeling to Continuous.

Dynamics

To enable the Dynamics, set the Coast mode modeling parameter to Continuous.

Model transmission lag — Transmission lag setting

No lag – Suitable for HIL simulation (default) | Specify time constant and initial value

Transmission lag setting, specified as either No lag – Suitable for HIL simulation or Specify time constant and initial value.

• No lag – Suitable for HIL simulation: Torque transfer is instantaneous.

  When there is no time lag, the input impeller torque, $${\tau }_I$$, and output turbine torque, $${\tau }_T$$, are:

  $${\tau }_I=\mathrm{sgn}(1-{\omega }_T/{\omega }_I){({\omega }_I/K)}^2$$

  $${\tau }_T={\tau }_T{R}_{\tau }$$

• Specify time constant and initial value: Torque is transferred with a time lag. If you select this option, you can specify the Torque transmission time constant and Initial turbine-to-impeller torque ratio parameters.

  Note

  For optimal simulation performance, select No lag - Suitable for HIL simulation.

Torque transmission time constant — Time constant of torque transmission

.02 s (default) | positive scalar

Torque transmission time. The time lag increases model fidelity but reduces simulation performance. See Adjust Model Fidelity for more information.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Model transmission lag to Specify time constant and initial value.

Initial turbine-to-impeller torque ratio — Initial torque ratio of turbine to impeller

0 (default) | positive scalar

Initial torque ratio of the turbine to the impeller.

You can optionally include the effect of torque transmission time lag that is caused by internal fluid flow and compressibility. Instead of $${\tau }_T$$ and $${\tau }_I$$ being instantaneously constrained to one another, a first-order time lag introduces a delayed response in the impeller torque:

$$t_c(d{\tau }_I/dt)+{\tau }_I={\tau }_I(steadystate)$$

The preceding instantaneous function of the capacity factor K determines the steady-state value of τ_I.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Model transmission lag to Specify time constant and initial value.

Model Examples

Torque Converter in Two-Mode Modeling

Basic operations of a torque converter including lock-up clutch mechanism. You can select three different simulation cases - Basic Lock-up, Drive Mode Test, and Coast Mode Test.

Vehicle with Four-Speed Transmission

A complete vehicle with Simscape™ Driveline™ components, including the engine, drivetrain, four-speed transmission, tires, and longitudinal vehicle dynamics. The transmission controller is implemented as a state machine in Stateflow®, selecting the gear based on throttle and vehicle speed.

Vehicle with Four-Wheel Drive

A four-wheel drive vehicle starting from rest and ascending a 15 degree incline. Initially the vehicle rolls backwards until the engine develops sufficient torque to counter the slope. The tire compliance dynamics can be seen as the vehicle starts to accelerate. The model variant chosen for all of the tires can be set to the Simple, Friction Parameterized, or Magic Formula tire model using the hyperlinks in the model.

References

[1] Society of Automotive Engineers, Hydrodynamic Drive Test Code (Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice), SAE J643, Dec 2018.

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation
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