# collintest

Belsley collinearity diagnostics

## Syntax

``````[sValue,condIdx,VarDecomp] = collintest(X)``````
``VarDecompTbl = collintest(Tbl)``
``[___] = collintest(___,Name=Value)``
``collintest(ax,Plot="on",___)``
``````[___,h] = collintest(___,Plot="on")``````

## Description

example

``````[sValue,condIdx,VarDecomp] = collintest(X)``` displays, at the command window, Belsley collinearity diagnostics for assessing the strength and sources of collinearity among variables in the matrix of time series data `X`. The function also returns the singular values in decreasing order `sValue`, condition indices `condIdx`, and variance decomposition proportions `VarDecomp`.```

example

````VarDecompTbl = collintest(Tbl)` displays the Belsley collinearity diagnostics on all the variables of the table or timetable `Tbl`. The function also returns the table `VarDecompTbl` containing variables for the singular values and condition indices, and variables for the variance-decomposition proportions associated with each time series.To select a subset of variables in `Tbl`, for which to compute collinearity diagnostics, use the `DataVariables` name-value argument.```

example

````[___] = collintest(___,Name=Value)` specifies options using one or more name-value arguments in addition to any of the input argument combinations in previous syntaxes. `collintest` returns the output argument combination for the corresponding input arguments. For example, `collintest(Tbl,Plot="on",Display="off",DataVariables=1:5)` plots the Belslely collinearity diagnostics for the first 5 variables of the table `Tbl` to a figure instead of the command window.```
````collintest(ax,Plot="on",___)` plots on the axes specified by `ax` instead of the current axes (`gca`). `ax` can precede any of the input argument combinations in the previous syntaxes.```
``````[___,h] = collintest(___,Plot="on")``` plots the diagnostics of the input series and additionally returns handles to plotted graphics objects `h`. Use elements of `h` to modify properties of the plot after you create it.```

## Examples

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Display collinearity diagnostics for multiple time series using the default options of `collintest`. Input the time series data as a numeric matrix.

Load data of Canadian inflation and interest rates `Data_Canada.mat`, which contains the series in the matrix `Data`.

`load Data_Canada`

Display the Belsley collinearity diagnostics at the command window. Return the singular values, condition indices, and variance decomposition proportions.

`series'`
```ans = 5x1 cell {'(INF_C) Inflation rate (CPI-based)' } {'(INF_G) Inflation rate (GDP deflator-based)'} {'(INT_S) Interest rate (short-term)' } {'(INT_M) Interest rate (medium-term)' } {'(INT_L) Interest rate (long-term)' } ```
`[sValue,condIdx,VarDecomp] = collintest(Data);`
```Variance Decomposition sValue condIdx Var1 Var2 Var3 Var4 Var5 --------------------------------------------------------- 2.1748 1 0.0012 0.0018 0.0003 0.0000 0.0001 0.4789 4.5413 0.0261 0.0806 0.0035 0.0006 0.0012 0.1602 13.5795 0.3386 0.3802 0.0811 0.0011 0.0137 0.1211 17.9617 0.6138 0.5276 0.1918 0.0004 0.0193 0.0248 87.8245 0.0202 0.0099 0.7233 0.9979 0.9658 ```

Only the last row in the display has a condition index larger than the default tolerance, 30. In this row, the last three variables (in the last three columns) have variance-decomposition proportions exceeding the default tolerance, 0.5. These results suggest that the short-, medium-, and long-term interest rates exhibit multicollinearity.

`collintest` organizes the outputs in the display table.

`sValue`
```sValue = 5×1 2.1748 0.4789 0.1602 0.1211 0.0248 ```
`condIdx`
```condIdx = 5×1 1.0000 4.5413 13.5795 17.9617 87.8245 ```
`VarDecomp`
```VarDecomp = 5×5 0.0012 0.0018 0.0003 0.0000 0.0001 0.0261 0.0806 0.0035 0.0006 0.0012 0.3386 0.3802 0.0811 0.0011 0.0137 0.6138 0.5276 0.1918 0.0004 0.0193 0.0202 0.0099 0.7233 0.9979 0.9658 ```

Display and return collinearity diagnostics for multiple time series, which are variables in a table, using default options.

Load data of Canadian inflation and interest rates `Data_Canada.mat`. Convert the table `DataTable` to a timetable.

```load Data_Canada dates = datetime(dates,ConvertFrom="datenum"); TT = table2timetable(DataTable,RowTimes=dates); TT.Observations = [];```

Display the Belsley collinearity diagnostics, using all default options.

`VarDecompTbl = collintest(TT)`
```Variance Decomposition sValue condIdx INF_C INF_G INT_S INT_M INT_L --------------------------------------------------------- 2.1748 1 0.0012 0.0018 0.0003 0.0000 0.0001 0.4789 4.5413 0.0261 0.0806 0.0035 0.0006 0.0012 0.1602 13.5795 0.3386 0.3802 0.0811 0.0011 0.0137 0.1211 17.9617 0.6138 0.5276 0.1918 0.0004 0.0193 0.0248 87.8245 0.0202 0.0099 0.7233 0.9979 0.9658 ```
```VarDecompTbl=5×7 table sValue condIdx INF_C INF_G INT_S INT_M INT_L ________ _______ _________ _________ __________ __________ __________ 2.1748 1 0.0012446 0.0017784 0.00033202 4.2326e-05 8.0328e-05 0.47889 4.5413 0.0261 0.080594 0.0034869 0.00057749 0.001159 0.16015 13.579 0.33864 0.38021 0.081126 0.0011166 0.013662 0.12108 17.962 0.61384 0.52756 0.19176 0.00035545 0.019308 0.024763 87.825 0.020173 0.0098575 0.72329 0.99791 0.96579 ```

`collintest` returns collinearity diagnostics in the table `VarDecompTbl`, where variables correspond to the singular values, condition indices, and variance-decomposition proportions of each variable in the data (`sValue`, `condIdx`, and `VarDecomp`). The command window display and output table have a similar form.

By default, `collintest` computes collinearity diagnostics for all variables in the input table. To select a subset of variables from an input table, set the `DataVariables` option.

Extract the variance-decomposition proportions from the output table.

```varnames = DataTable.Properties.VariableNames; VarDecomp = VarDecompTbl(:,varnames)```
```VarDecomp=5×5 table INF_C INF_G INT_S INT_M INT_L _________ _________ __________ __________ __________ 0.0012446 0.0017784 0.00033202 4.2326e-05 8.0328e-05 0.0261 0.080594 0.0034869 0.00057749 0.001159 0.33864 0.38021 0.081126 0.0011166 0.013662 0.61384 0.52756 0.19176 0.00035545 0.019308 0.020173 0.0098575 0.72329 0.99791 0.96579 ```

Plot collinearity diagnostics for all time series in a table.

Load data of Canadian inflation and interest rates `Data_Canada.mat`.

`load Data_Canada`

Plot the Belsley collinearity diagnostics for all series.

`collintest(DataTable,Plot="on");`
```Variance Decomposition sValue condIdx INF_C INF_G INT_S INT_M INT_L --------------------------------------------------------- 2.1748 1 0.0012 0.0018 0.0003 0.0000 0.0001 0.4789 4.5413 0.0261 0.0806 0.0035 0.0006 0.0012 0.1602 13.5795 0.3386 0.3802 0.0811 0.0011 0.0137 0.1211 17.9617 0.6138 0.5276 0.1918 0.0004 0.0193 0.0248 87.8245 0.0202 0.0099 0.7233 0.9979 0.9658 ```

The plot corresponds to the values in the last row of the variance-decomposition proportions, which are the only proportions with a condition index larger than the default tolerance of 30. The interest rate series have variance-decomposition proportions exceeding the default tolerance of 0.5 (red markers in the plot).

Compute collinearity diagnostics for selected time series and an intercept.

Load the credit default data set `Data_CreditDefaults.mat`. The table `DataTable` contains the default rate of investment-grade corporate bonds series (`IGD`, the response variable) and several predictor variables.

`load Data_CreditDefaults`

Consider a multiple regression model for the default rate that includes an intercept term.

Include a variable in the table of data that represents the intercept in the design matrix (that is, a column of ones). Place the intercept variable at the beginning of the table.

```Const = ones(height(DataTable),1); DataTable = addvars(DataTable,Const,Before=1);```

Create a variable that contains all predictor variable names.

```varnames = DataTable.Properties.VariableNames; prednames = varnames(varnames ~= "IGD");```

Graph a correlation plot of all predictor variables except for the intercept dummy variable.

```figure corrplot(DataTable,DataVariables=prednames(2:end), ... TestR="on");```

The predictor `BBB` is moderately linearly associated with the other predictors, while all other predictors appear unassociated with each other.

Plot the Belsley collinearity diagnostics of the predictor variables. Adjust the following options for the collinearity diagnostics:

• Set the condition index tolerance to 10.

• Set the variance-decomposition proportion tolerance to 0.5.

```figure collintest(DataTable,Plot="on",DataVariables=prednames, ... TolIdx=10,TolProp=0.5);```
```Variance Decomposition sValue condIdx Const AGE BBB CPF SPR --------------------------------------------------------- 2.0605 1 0.0015 0.0024 0.0020 0.0140 0.0025 0.8008 2.5730 0.0016 0.0025 0.0004 0.8220 0.0023 0.2563 8.0400 0.0037 0.3208 0.0105 0.0004 0.3781 0.1710 12.0464 0.2596 0.0950 0.8287 0.1463 0.0001 0.1343 15.3405 0.7335 0.5793 0.1585 0.0173 0.6170 ```

The row associated with condition index 12 (row 4) has one predictor (`BBB)` with a proportion above the tolerance 0.5, but collinearity requires two or more predictors for a dependency.

The row associated with condition index 15.3 (row 5) shows a weak dependence involving `AGE`, `SPR`, and the intercept, which the correlation plot does not expose.

## Input Arguments

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Time series data, specified as a `numObs`-by-`numVars` numeric matrix. Each column of `X` corresponds to a variable, and each row corresponds to an observation.

Data Types: `double`

Time series data, specified as a table or timetable with `numObs` rows. Each row of `Tbl` is an observation.

Specify `numVars` variables to include in the diagnostics computations by using the `DataVariables` argument. The selected variables must be numeric.

Axes on which to plot, specified as an `Axes` object.

By default, `collintest` plots to the current axes (`gca`).

Note

• To specify a model containing an intercept, include a variable (column) of ones in the time series data.

• `collintest` scales all variables to unit length before computing diagnostics; do not center the variables in the data.

• Impute or remove all missing observations (indicated by `NaN` entries) in the input data before passing the set to `collintest`.

### Name-Value Arguments

Specify optional pairs of arguments as `Name1=Value1,...,NameN=ValueN`, where `Name` is the argument name and `Value` is the corresponding value. Name-value arguments must appear after other arguments, but the order of the pairs does not matter.

Before R2021a, use commas to separate each name and value, and enclose `Name` in quotes.

Example: `collintest(Tbl,Plot="on",Display="off",DataVariables=1:5)` plots the Belslely collinearity diagnostics for the first 5 variables of the table `Tbl` to a figure instead of the command window.

Unique variable names used in displays and plots of the results, specified as a string vector or cell vector of strings of a length `numVars`. `VarNames(j)` specifies the name to use for variable `X(:,j)` or `DataVariables(j)`.

If an intercept term is present, `VarNames` must include the intercept term (e.g., include the name `"Const"`).

The software truncates all variable names to the first five characters.

• If the input time series data is a matrix `X`, the default is `{'var1','var2',...}`.

• If the input time series data is a table or timetable `Tbl`, the default is `Tbl.Properties.VariableNames`.

Example: `VarNames=["Const" "AGE" "BBD"]`

Data Types: `char` | `cell` | `string`

Flag for a command window display of results, specified as a value in this table.

ValueDescription
`"on"``collintest` displays all outputs in tabular form to the command window.
`"off"``collintest` does not display the results to the command window.

Example: `Display="off"`

Data Types: `char` | `string`

Flag for plotting results to a figure, specified as a value in this table.

ValueDescription
`"on"`

`collintest` plots critical rows of the output `VarDecomp`, specifically, rows with condition indices above the input tolerance `TolIdx`.

If a group of at least two variables in a critical row have variance-decomposition proportions above the input tolerance `TolProp`, the group is identified with red markers.

`"off"``collintest` does not plot results to a figure.

Example: `Plot="on"`

Data Types: `char` | `string`

Condition index tolerance, specified as a scalar value of at least 1.

`collintest` uses `TolIdx` to decide which indices are large enough to infer a near dependency in the data. `TolIdx` is used only when the `Plot` argument is `"on"`.

Example: `TolIdx=25`

Data Types: `double`

Variance-decomposition proportion tolerance, specified as a numeric scalar in the interval [0,1].

`collintest` uses `TolProp` to decide which variables are involved in any near dependency. `TolProp` is used only when the `Plot` argument is `"on"`.

Example: `TolProp=0.4`

Data Types: `double`

Variables in `Tbl` for which `collintest` computes Belsley collinearity diagnostics, specified as a string vector or cell vector of character vectors containing variable names in `Tbl.Properties.VariableNames`, or an integer or logical vector representing the indices of names. The selected variables must be numeric.

Example: `DataVariables=["GDP" "CPI"]`

Example: `DataVariables=[true true false false]` or `DataVariables=[1 2]` selects the first and second table variables.

Data Types: `double` | `logical` | `char` | `cell` | `string`

## Output Arguments

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Singular values of the scaled design matrix composed of the specified time series variables, returned as a numeric vector with elements in descending order. `collintest` returns `sValue` when you supply the input `X`.

Condition indices, returned as a numeric vector with elements in ascending order.

All condition indices have value between 1 and the condition number of the scaled design matrix of the specified time series variables. `collintest` returns `condIdx` when you supply the input `X`.

Large indices identify near dependencies among the specified variables. The size of the indices is a measure of how near dependencies are to collinearity.

Variance-decomposition proportions, returned as a `numVars`-by-`numVars` numeric matrix.

Large proportions, combined with a large condition index, identify groups of variables involved in near dependencies. `collintest` returns `VarDecomp` when you supply the input `X`.

The size of the proportions is a measure of how badly the regression is degraded by the dependency.

Collinearity diagnostics summary, returned as a table with variables for the outputs `sValue`, `condIdx`, and `VarDecomp`. `collintest` returns `Tbl` when you supply the input `Tbl`. The value of the `VarNames` argument determines the variable names of the columns of `VarDecomp`.

Handles to plotted graphics objects, returned as a graphics array. `h` contains unique plot identifiers, which you can use to query or modify properties of the plot.

`collintest` plots only when you set `Plot="on"`.

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### Belsley Collinearity Diagnostics

Belsley collinearity diagnostics assess the strength and sources of collinearity among variables in a multiple linear regression model.

To assess collinearity, the software computes singular values of the scaled variable matrix, X, and then converts them to condition indices. The conditional indices identify the number and strength of any near dependencies between variables in the variable matrix. The software decomposes the variance of the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates of the regression coefficients in terms of the singular values to identify variables involved in each near dependency, and the extent to which the dependencies degrade the regression.

### Condition Indices

The condition indices (`condIdx`) for a scaled matrix X identify the number and strength of any near dependencies in X.

For scaled matrix X with p columns and singular values (`sValue`) ${S}_{1}\ge {S}_{2}\ge \dots \ge {S}_{p}$, the condition indices of the columns of X are ${S}_{1}/{S}_{j}$ (`sValue(1)/sValue(j)`), where j = 1,...,p.

All condition indices are bounded between one and the condition number.

### Condition Number

The condition number of a scaled matrix X is an overall diagnostic for detecting collinearity.

For scaled matrix X with p columns and singular values (`sValue`) ${S}_{1}\ge {S}_{2}\ge \dots \ge {S}_{p}$, the condition number is ${S}_{1}/{S}_{p}$ (`sValue(1)/sValue(end)`).

The condition number achieves its lower bound of one when the columns of scaled X are orthonormal. The condition number rises as variates exhibit greater dependency.

A limitation of the condition number as a diagnostic is that it fails to provide specifics on the strength and sources of any near dependencies.

### Multiple Linear Regression Model

A multiple linear regression model is a model of the form $Y=X\beta +\epsilon .$ X is a design matrix of regression variables, and β is a vector of regression coefficients.

### Singular Values

The singular values (`sValue`) of a scaled matrix X are the diagonal elements of the matrix S in the singular value decomposition $US{V}^{\prime }.$

In descending order, the singular values of the scaled matrix X with p columns are ${S}_{1}\ge {S}_{2}\ge \dots \ge {S}_{p}$.

### Variance-Decomposition Proportions

Variance-decomposition proportions identify groups of variates involved in near dependencies, and the extent to which the dependencies degrade the regression.

From the singular value decomposition $US{V}^{\prime }$ of scaled design matrix X (with p columns), define the following quantities:

• V is the matrix of orthonormal eigenvectors of ${X}^{\prime }X$.

• The singular values (`sValue`) ${S}_{1}\ge {S}_{2}\ge \dots \ge {S}_{p}$ are the ordered diagonal elements of the matrix S.

The variance of the OLS estimate of multiple linear regression coefficient i, βi, is proportional to the sum

`$V{\left(i,1\right)}^{2}/{S}_{1}^{2}+V{\left(i,2\right)}^{2}/{S}_{2}^{2}+\dots +V{\left(i,p\right)}^{2}/{S}_{p}^{2},$`

where $V\left(i,j\right)$ denotes element (i,j) of V.

Variance-decomposition proportion (i,j) (`VarDecomp`) is the proportion of term j in the sum relative to the entire sum, j = 1,...,p.

The terms ${S}_{j}^{2}$ are the eigenvalues of scaled ${X}^{\prime }X$. Thus, large variance-decomposition proportions correspond to small eigenvalues of ${X}^{\prime }X$, a common diagnostic for collinearity. The singular value decomposition provides a more direct, numerically stable view of the eigensystem of scaled ${X}^{\prime }X$.

## Tips

• For purposes of collinearity diagnostics, Belsley [1] shows that column scaling of the design matrix composed of the input time series data is always desirable. However, he also shows that centering the data in `X` is undesirable. For models with an intercept, if you center the data in `X`, the role of the constant term in any near dependency is hidden, and yields misleading diagnostics.

• Tolerances for identifying large condition indices and variance-decomposition proportions are comparable to critical values in standard hypothesis tests. Experience determines the most useful tolerance, but experiments suggest the `collintest` defaults are good starting points [1].

## References

[1] Belsley, D. A., E. Kuh, and R. E. Welsh. Regression Diagnostics. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1980.

[2] Judge, G. G., W. E. Griffiths, R. C. Hill, H. Lϋtkepohl, and T. C. Lee. The Theory and Practice of Econometrics. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1985.

## Version History

Introduced in R2012a

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