trendability

Measure of similarity between trajectories of condition indicators

Syntax

Y = trendability(X)

Y = trendability(X,lifetimeVar)

Y = trendability(X,lifetimeVar,dataVar)

Y = trendability(X,lifetimeVar,dataVar,memberVar)

Y = trendability(___,Name,Value)

trendability(___)

Description

Y = trendability(X) returns the trendability of the lifetime data X. Use trendability as measure of similarity between the trajectories of a feature measured in several run-to-failure experiments. A more trendable feature has trajectories with the same underlying shape. The values of Y range from 0 to 1, where Y is 1 if X is perfectly trendable and 0 if X is non-trendable.

Y = trendability(X,lifetimeVar) returns the trendability of the lifetime data X using the lifetime variable lifetimeVar.

Y = trendability(X,lifetimeVar,dataVar) returns the trendability of the lifetime data X using the data variables specified by dataVar.

Y = trendability(X,lifetimeVar,dataVar,memberVar) returns the trendability of the lifetime data X using the lifetime variable lifetimeVar, the data variables specified by dataVar, and the member variable memberVar.

Y = trendability(___,Name,Value) estimates the trendability with additional options specified by one or more Name,Value pair arguments. You can use this syntax with any of the previous input-argument combinations.

trendability(___) with no output arguments plots a bar chart of ranked trendability values.

Examples

Trendability of Data in Cell Array of Matrices

In this example, consider the lifetime data of 10 identical machines with the following 6 potential prognostic parameters—constant, linear, quadratic, cubic, logarithmic, and periodic. The data set machineDataCellArray.mat contains C which is a 1x10 cell array of matrices where each element of the cell array is a matrix that contains the lifetime data of a machine. For each matrix in the cell array, the first column contains the time while the other columns contain the data variables.

Load the lifetime data and visualize it against time.

load('machineDataCellArray.mat','C')
display(C)

C=1×10 cell array
    {219x7 double}    {189x7 double}    {202x7 double}    {199x7 double}    {229x7 double}    {184x7 double}    {224x7 double}    {208x7 double}    {181x7 double}    {197x7 double}

for k = 1:length(C)
    plot(C{k}(:,1), C{k}(:,2:end));
    hold on;
end

Observe the 6 different condition indicators—constant, linear, quadratic, cubic, logarithmic, and periodic—for all 10 machines on the plot.

Visualize the trendability of the potential prognostic features.

trendability(C)

From the histogram plot, observe that the features Var2 and Var5 have trendability values of 1. Hence, these features are more appropriate for remaining useful life predictions since they are the best indicators of machine health.

Trendability of Data in Cell Array of Tables

In this example, consider the lifetime data of 10 identical machines with the following 6 potential prognostic parameters—constant, linear, quadratic, cubic, logarithmic, and periodic. The data set machineDataTable.mat contains T, which is a 1x10 cell array of tables where each element of the cell array contains a table of lifetime data for a machine.

Load and display the data.

load('machineDataTable.mat','T');
display(T)

T=1×10 cell array
    {219x7 table}    {189x7 table}    {202x7 table}    {199x7 table}    {229x7 table}    {184x7 table}    {224x7 table}    {208x7 table}    {181x7 table}    {197x7 table}

head(T{1},2)

    Time    Constant    Linear    Quadratic    Cubic     Logarithmic    Periodic
    ____    ________    ______    _________    ______    ___________    ________

       0     3.2029     11.203     7.7029      3.8829      2.2517        0.2029 
    0.05     2.8135     10.763     7.2637      3.6006      1.8579       0.12251 

Note that every table in the cell array contains the lifetime variable 'Time' and the data variables 'Constant', 'Linear', 'Quadratic', 'Cubic', 'Logarithmic', and 'Periodic'.

Compute trendability with Time as the lifetime variable.

Y = trendability(T,'Time')

Y=1×6 table
    Constant     Linear     Quadratic     Cubic     Logarithmic    Periodic 
    _________    _______    _________    _______    ___________    _________

    0.0035529    0.99984     0.63753     0.92053      0.99582      0.0041995

From the resultant table of trendability values, observe that the linear, cubic, and logarithmic features have values closer to 1. Hence, these three features are more appropriate for predicting remaining useful life since they are the best indicators of machine health.

Visualize Trendability of Lifetime Data in Ensemble Datastore

Consider the lifetime data of 4 machines. Each machine has 4 fault codes for the potential condition indicators—voltage, current, and power. trendabilityEnsemble.zip is a collection of 4 files where every file contains a timetable of lifetime data for each machine—tbl1.mat, tbl2.mat, tbl3.mat and tbl4.mat. You can also use files containing data for multiple machines. For each timetable, the organization of the data is as follows:

When you perform calculations on tall arrays, MATLAB® uses either a parallel pool (default if you have Parallel Computing Toolbox™) or the local MATLAB session. To run the example using the local MATLAB session, change the global execution environment by using the mapreducer function.

mapreducer(0)

Extract the compressed files, read the data in the timetables, and create a fileEnsembleDatastore object using the timetable data. For more information on creating a file ensemble datastore, see fileEnsembleDatastore.

unzip trendabilityEnsemble.zip;
ens = fileEnsembleDatastore(pwd,'.mat');
ens.DataVariables = {'Voltage','Current','Power','FaultCode','Machine'};
ens.ReadFcn = @readtable_data;
ens.SelectedVariables = {'Voltage','Current','Power','FaultCode','Machine'};

Visualize the trendability of the potential prognostic features with 'Machine' as the member variable and group the lifetime data by 'FaultCode'. Grouping the lifetime data ensures that trendability calculates the metric for each fault code separately.

trendability(ens,'MemberVariable','Machine','GroupBy','FaultCode');

Evaluating tall expression using the Local MATLAB Session:
- Pass 1 of 1: Completed in 0.081 sec
Evaluation completed in 0.16 sec
Evaluating tall expression using the Local MATLAB Session:
- Pass 1 of 1: Completed in 0.031 sec
Evaluation completed in 0.08 sec
Evaluating tall expression using the Local MATLAB Session:
- Pass 1 of 1: Completed in 0.15 sec
Evaluation completed in 0.16 sec

trendability returns a histogram plot with the features ranked by their trendability values. A higher trendability value indicates a more suitable prognostic parameter. For instance, the candidate feature Current has the highest degree of trendability for machines with FaultCode 1.

Input Arguments

X — Lifetime data

cell array of matrices | cell array of tables and timetables | fileEnsembleDatastore object | table | timetable

Lifetime data, specified as a cell array of matrices, cell array of tables and timetables, fileEnsembleDatastore object, table, or timetable. Lifetime data contains run-to-failure data of the systems being monitored. The term lifetime here refers to the life of the machine defined in terms of the units you use to measure system life. Units of lifetime can be quantities such as the distance traveled (miles), fuel consumed (gallons), or time since the start of operation (days).

If X is

• a cell array of matrices or tables, the function assumes that each matrix or table contains columns of lifetime data for a system. Each column of every matrix or table, except the first column, contains data for a prognostic variable. 'Var1','Var2', ... can be used to refer to the matrix columns that contain the lifetime data. For instance, the file machineDataCellArray.mat contains a 1-by-10 cell array of matrices C, where each of the 10 matrices contains data for a particular machine.

• a table or timetable, the function assumes that each column, except the first one, contains columns of lifetime data. The table variable names can be used to refer to the columns that contain the lifetime data. If lifetimeVar is not specified when X is a table, then the first data column is used as the lifetime variable.

• a fileEnsembleDatastore object, specify the data variables dataVar and member variables memberVar to be used. If lifetimeVar is not specified, then the first data column is used as the lifetime variable for computation.

Each numerical member in X is of type double.

lifetimeVar — Lifetime variable

string | character vector

Lifetime variable, specified as a string or character vector. lifetimeVar measures the lifetime of the systems being monitored and the lifetime data is sorted with respect to lifetimeVar. The value of lifetimeVar must be a valid ensemble or table variable name.

For a cell array of matrices, the value 'Time' can be used to refer to the first column of each matrix, which is assumed to contain the lifetime variable. For instance, the file machineDataCellArray.mat contains the cell array C, where the first column in each matrix contains the lifetime variable while the other columns contain the data variables.

dataVar — Data variables

string array | character vector | cell array of character vectors

Data variables, specified as a string array, character vector, or cell array of character vectors. Data variables are the main content of the members of an ensemble. Data variables can include measured data or derived data for the analysis and development of predictive maintenance algorithms.

If X is

• a fileEnsembleDatastore object, the value of dataVar supersedes the DataVariables property of the ensemble.

• a cell array of matrices, the value 'Time' can be used to refer to the first column of each matrix, that is, the lifetime variable lifetimeVar. 'Var1','Var2', ... can be used to refer to the other matrix columns which contain the lifetime data. For instance, the file machineDataCellArray.mat contains the cell array C where the first column in each matrix contains the lifetime variable. The other columns in the cell array C contain the data variables.

• a table, the table variable names can be used to refer to the columns which contain the lifetime data.

The values of dataVar must be valid ensemble or table variable names. If dataVar is not specified, the computation includes all data columns except the one specified in lifetimeVar. For instance, suppose that each entry in a cell array is a table with variables A, B, C, and D. Setting dataVar to ["A","D"] uses only A and D for the computation while C and D are ignored.

memberVar — Member variable

string | character vector

Member variable, specified as a string or character vector. Use memberVar to specify the variable for identifying the systems or machines in lifetime data X. For instance, in the fileEnsembleDatastore object, the fifth column in each timetable contains numbers that identify data from a particular machine. The column name corresponds to the member variable memberVar.

memberVar is ignored when X is specified as a cell array of matrices or tables.

Name-Value Arguments

Specify optional pairs of arguments as Name1=Value1,...,NameN=ValueN, where Name is the argument name and Value is the corresponding value. Name-value arguments must appear after other arguments, but the order of the pairs does not matter.

Before R2021a, use commas to separate each name and value, and enclose Name in quotes.

Example: ...,'Method','rank'

LifeTimeVariable — Lifetime variable

strings(0) (default) | string | character vector

Lifetime variable, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'LifeTimeVariable' and either a string or character vector. If 'LifeTimeVariable' is not specified, then the first data column is used.

'LifeTimeVariable' is equivalent to the input argument lifetimeVar.

DataVariables — Data variables

strings(0) (default) | string array | character vector | cell array of character vectors

Data variables, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'DataVariables' and either a string array, character vector or cell array of character vectors.

'DataVariables' is equivalent to the input argument dataVar.

MemberVariable — Member variables

[] (default) | string | character vector

Member variables, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'MemberVariable' and either a string or character vector.

'MemberVariable' is equivalent to the input argument memberVar.

GroupBy — Grouping criterion

[] (default) | string | character vector

Grouping criterion, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'GroupBy' and either a string or character vector. Use 'GroupBy' to specify the variables for grouping the lifetime data X by operating conditions.

The function computes the metric separately for each group that results from applying the criterion, such as a fault condition, specified by 'GroupBy'. For instance, in the fileEnsembleDatastore object ens, the fourth column in each timetable in ens contains the variable 'FaultCode'. The metric is computed for each machine by grouping the data by 'FaultCode'.

You can only group variables when X is defined as a fileEnsembleDatastore object, table, timetable, or cell array of tables or timetables.

WindowSize — Size of the centered moving average window for data smoothing

[] (default) | scalar | two-element vector

Size of the centered moving average window for data smoothing, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'WindowSize' and either a scalar or two-element vector. A Savitzky-Golay filter is used for data smoothing. For more information, see smoothdata.

If 'WindowSize' is not specified, the window length is automatically determined from lifetime data X using smoothdata(X,'sgolay'). Set 'WindowSize' to 0 to turn off data smoothing.

Output Arguments

Y — Trendability of lifetime data

vector | table

Trendability of lifetime data, returned as a vector or table.

Trendability is the measure of similarity between the trajectories of a feature measured in several run-to-failure experiments. A more trendable feature has trajectories with the same underlying shape. As a system gets progressively closer to failure, a suitable condition indicator is typically highly trendable. Conversely, any feature that is non-trendable is a less suitable condition indicator. The values of Y range from 0 to 1.

• Y is 1 if X is perfectly trendable.

• Y is 0 if X is perfectly non-trendable.

Selecting appropriate estimation parameters out of all available features is the first step in building a reliable remaining useful life prediction engine. The trendability values in Y are useful to determine which condition indicators best track the degradation process of systems being monitored. The higher the trendability, the more desirable the feature is for prognostics.

When 'GroupBy' is not specified, then Y is returned as a row vector or single-row table. Conversely, when 'GroupBy' is specified, then each row in Y corresponds to one group.

Limitations

• When X is a tall table or tall timetable, trendability nevertheless loads the complete array into memory using gather. If the memory available is inadequate, then trendability returns an error.

Algorithms

The computation of trendability uses this formula:

$$\text{trendability }=\underset{j,k}{\min }\left|\text{corr}\left(x_j,x_k\right)\right|,j,k\text{ = }1,\mathrm{...},M$$

where x_j represents the vector of measurements of a feature on the jth system and the variable M is the number of systems monitored.

When x_j and x_k have different lengths, the shorter vector is resampled to match the length of the longer vector. To facilitate this process, their time vectors are first normalized to percent lifetime, that is, [0%, 100%].

References

[1] Coble, J., and J. W. Hines. "Identifying Optimal Prognostic Parameters from Data: A Genetic Algorithms Approach." In Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Prognostics and Health Management Society. 2009.

[2] Coble, J. "Merging Data Sources to Predict Remaining Useful Life - An Automated Method to Identify Prognostics Parameters." Ph.D. Thesis. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 2010.

[3] Lei, Y. Intelligent Fault Diagnosis and Remaining Useful Life Prediction of Rotating Machinery. Xi'an, China: Xi'an Jiaotong University Press, 2017.

[4] Lofti, S., J. B. Ali, E. Bechhoefer, and M. Benbouzid. "Wind turbine high-speed shaft bearings health prognosis through a spectral Kurtosis-derived indices and SVR." Applied Acoustics Vol. 120, 2017, pp. 1-8.

Version History

Introduced in R2018b