hmcSampler
Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) sampler
Description
creates
a Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) sampler, returned as a hmc
= hmcSampler(logpdf
,startpoint
)HamiltonianSampler
object. logpdf
is
a function handle that evaluates the logarithm of the probability
density of the equilibrium distribution and its gradient. The column
vector startpoint
is the initial point from which
to start HMC sampling.
After you create the sampler, you can compute MAP (maximum-a-posteriori)
point estimates, tune the sampler, draw samples, and check convergence
diagnostics using the methods of the HamiltonianSampler
class. For an example of this workflow,
see Bayesian Linear Regression
Using Hamiltonian Monte Carlo.
specifies
additional options using one or more name-value pair arguments. Specify
name-value pair arguments after all other input arguments.hmc
= hmcSampler(___,Name,Value
)
Examples
Create Hamiltonian Monte Carlo Sampler
Create a Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) sampler to sample from a normal distribution.
First, save a function normalDistGrad
on the MATLAB® path that returns the multivariate normal log probability density and its gradient (normalDistGrad
is defined at the end of this example). Then, call the function with arguments to define the logpdf
input argument to the hmcSampler
function.
means = [1;-3]; standevs = [1;2]; logpdf = @(theta)normalDistGrad(theta,means,standevs);
Choose a starting point for the HMC sampler.
startpoint = randn(2,1);
Create the HMC sampler and display its properties.
smp = hmcSampler(logpdf,startpoint);
smp
smp = HamiltonianSampler with properties: StepSize: 0.1000 NumSteps: 50 MassVector: [2x1 double] JitterMethod: 'jitter-both' StepSizeTuningMethod: 'dual-averaging' MassVectorTuningMethod: 'iterative-sampling' LogPDF: @(theta)normalDistGrad(theta,means,standevs) VariableNames: {2x1 cell} StartPoint: [2x1 double]
The normalDistGrad
function returns the logarithm of the multivariate normal probability density with means in Mu
and standard deviations in Sigma
, specified as scalars or columns vectors the same length as startpoint
. The second output argument is the corresponding gradient.
function [lpdf,glpdf] = normalDistGrad(X,Mu,Sigma) Z = (X - Mu)./Sigma; lpdf = sum(-log(Sigma) - .5*log(2*pi) - .5*(Z.^2)); glpdf = -Z./Sigma; end
Input Arguments
logpdf
— Logarithm of target density and its gradient
function handle
Logarithm of target density and its gradient, specified as a function handle.
logpdf
must return two output arguments: [lpdf,glpdf]
= logpdf(X)
. Here, lpdf
is the base-e
log probability density (up to an additive constant), glpdf
is
the gradient of the log density, and the point X
is
a column vector with the same number of elements as startpoint
.
The input argument X
to logpdf
must
be unconstrained, meaning that every element of X
can
be any real number. Transform any constrained sampling parameters
into unconstrained variables before using the HMC sampler.
If the 'UseNumericalGradient'
value is set
to true
, then logpdf
does
not need to return the gradient as the second output. Using a numerical
gradient can be easier since logpdf
does not
need to compute the gradient, but it can make sampling slower.
Data Types: function_handle
startpoint
— Initial point to start sampling from
numeric column vector
Initial point to start sampling from, specified as a numeric column vector.
Data Types: single
| double
Name-Value Arguments
Specify optional pairs of arguments as
Name1=Value1,...,NameN=ValueN
, where Name
is
the argument name and Value
is the corresponding value.
Name-value arguments must appear after other arguments, but the order of the
pairs does not matter.
Before R2021a, use commas to separate each name and value, and enclose
Name
in quotes.
Example: 'VariableNames',{'Intercept','Beta'},'MassVectorTuningMethod','hessian'
specifies
sampling variable names and the mass vector tuning method to be 'hessian'
.
StepSize
— Step size of Hamiltonian dynamics
0.1
(default) | positive scalar
Step size of Hamiltonian dynamics, specified as the comma-separated
pair consisting of 'StepSize'
and a positive
scalar.
To propose a new state for the Markov chain, the HMC sampler integrates the Hamiltonian dynamics using leapfrog integration. This argument controls the step size of that leapfrog integration.
You can automatically tune the step size using tuneSampler
.
Example: 'StepSize',0.2
Data Types: single
| double
NumSteps
— Number of steps of Hamiltonian dynamics
50
(default) | positive integer
Number of steps of Hamiltonian dynamics, specified as the comma-separated
pair consisting of 'NumSteps'
and a positive integer.
To propose a new state for the Markov chain, the HMC sampler integrates the Hamiltonian dynamics using leapfrog integration. This argument controls the number of steps of that leapfrog integration.
You can automatically tune the number of steps using tuneSampler
.
Example: 'NumSteps',20
Data Types: single
| double
MassVector
— Mass vector of momentum variables
ones(size(startpoint,1),1)
(default) | numeric column vector
Mass vector of momentum variables, specified as the comma-separated
pair consisting of 'MassVector'
and a numeric column
vector with positive values and the same length as startpoint
.
The “masses” of the momentum variables associated with the variables of interest control the Hamiltonian dynamics in each Markov chain proposal.
You can automatically tune the mass vector using tuneSampler
.
Example: 'MassVector',rand(3,1)
Data Types: single
| double
JitterMethod
— Method for jittering step size and number of steps
'jitter-both'
(default) | 'jitter-numsteps'
| 'none'
Method for jittering the step size and the number of steps,
specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'JitterMethod'
and
one of the following values.
Value | Description |
---|---|
'jitter-both' | Randomly jitter the step size and number of steps for each leapfrog trajectory. |
'jitter-numsteps' | Jitter only the number of steps of each leapfrog trajectory. |
'none' | Perform no jittering. |
With jittering, the sampler randomly selects the step size or
the number of steps of each leapfrog trajectory as values smaller
than the 'StepSize'
and 'NumSteps'
values.
Use jittering to improve the stability of the leapfrog integration
of the Hamiltonian dynamics.
Example: 'JitterMethod','jitter-both'
StepSizeTuningMethod
— Method for tuning sampler step size
'dual-averaging'
(default) | 'none'
Method for tuning the sampler step size, specified as the comma-separated
pair consisting of 'StepSizeTuningMethod'
and 'dual-averaging'
or 'none'
.
If the 'StepSizeTuningMethod'
value is set
to 'dual-averaging'
, then tuneSampler
tunes
the leapfrog step size of the HMC sampler to achieve a certain acceptance
ratio for a fixed value of the simulation length. The simulation length
equals the step size multiplied by the number of steps. To set the
target acceptance ratio, use the 'TargetAcceptanceRatio'
name-value
pair argument of the tuneSampler
method.
Example: 'StepSizeTuningMethod','none'
MassVectorTuningMethod
— Method for tuning sampler mass vector
'iterative-sampling'
(default) | 'hessian'
| 'none'
Method for tuning the sampler mass vector, specified as the
comma-separated pair consisting of 'MassVectorTuningMethod'
and
one of the following values.
Value | Description |
---|---|
'iterative-sampling' | Tune the |
'hessian' | Set the |
'none' | Perform no tuning of the |
To perform the tuning, use
the tuneSampler
method.
Example: 'MassVectorTuningMethod','hessian'
CheckGradient
— Flag for checking analytical gradient
true
(or 1
) (default) | false
(or 0
)
Flag for checking the analytical gradient, specified as the
comma-separated pair consisting of 'CheckGradient'
and
either true
(or 1
) or false
(or 0
).
If 'CheckGradient'
is true
,
then the sampler calculates the numerical gradient at the startpoint
and
compares it to the analytical gradient returned by logpdf
.
Example: 'CheckGradient',true
VariableNames
— Sampling variable names
{'x1','x2',...}
(default) | string array | cell array of character vectors
Sampling variable names, specified as the comma-separated pair
consisting of 'VariableNames'
and a string array or a
cell array of character vectors. Elements of the array must be unique.
The length of the array must be the same as the length of
startpoint
.
Supply a 'VariableNames'
value to label the
components of the vector you want to sample using the HMC
sampler.
Example: 'VariableNames',{'Intercept','Beta'}
Data Types: string
| cell
UseNumericalGradient
— Flag for using numerical gradient
false
(or 0
) (default) | true
(or 1
)
Flag for using numerical gradient, specified as the comma-separated
pair consisting of 'UseNumericalGradient'
and either true
(or 1
)
or false
(or 0
).
If you set the 'UseNumericalGradient'
value
to true
, then the HMC sampler numerically estimates
the gradient from the log density returned by logpdf
.
In this case, the logpdf
function does not need
to return the gradient of the log density as the second output. Using
a numerical gradient makes HMC sampling slower.
Example: 'UseNumericalGradient',true
Output Arguments
hmc
— Hamiltonian Monte Carlo sampler
HamiltonianSampler
object
Hamiltonian Monte Carlo sampler, returned as a HamiltonianSampler
object.
Version History
Introduced in R2017a
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