I would say that there are several toolboxes that may help with analytic geometry depending on your paticular project. But the support you are looking for is mostly in the default MATLAB release including point, line, surface, equations. In my answer here I am equating analytic geometry graphic in nature with MATLAB line, point plot, plot3d, surface etc... with Analtyic Algebra with MATLAB equations.
The symbolic math toolbox does extend the MATLAB scrip equations that are digital/numerical in nature (based on start, end, step definitions) called Symbolic Math Toolbox (where step is not required and +/- infinity is supported). "The toolbox provides functions in common mathematical areas such as calculus, linear algebra, algebraic and ordinary differential equations, equation simplification, and equation manipulation." - https://www.mathworks.com/products/symbolic.html
Yet your question does suggest that you may need some training into the basic MATLAB support for analytic geometry. For this I find the Udemy course (very low cost, often on sale for under $20) by Dr. Mike X Cohen: https://www.udemy.com/course/linear-algebra-theory-and-implementation/
I am still taking his class just now but I am sharing my personal notes on Mike's class here (up to my current point of study).
