How to obtain the first and second derivative of the "xt" function

Hi, I am looking for a way to obtain the first and second derivative of the "xt" function stated in the code below. This is to obtain the velocity and acceleration graph of the displacement "xt" given. Is there a command on Matlab that will allow me to do so ?

%data given

m=4;

k=2500;

c=100;

x0=0.1;

xd0=-10;

n=50;

dt=0.01;

t=[0:dt:(n*dt)];

%natural frequency

wn=sqrt(k/m);

%damping ratio

tho=c/(2*sqrt(k*m));

%Calculating displacement

if tho<1 %underdamped

xt=(exp(-tho.*wn.*t).*(((xd0+tho.*wn.*x0)/(wn.*(1-tho^2)^0.5)).*sin(((1-tho^2)^0.5).*wn.*t)+x0.*cos(((1-tho^2)^0.5).*wn.*t)));

end

%plot displacement, velocity and acceleration

plot(t,xt,t,xdt,t,xddt);

legend('Displacement','velocity','acceleration')

title('System responses')

xlabel('time(s)')

ylabel('x(t), v(t),a(t)')

grid on

Answer 1

[Paul Hoffrichter]

You can use diff function as a crude way to take derivates. But, you should also know that diff introduces noise. Here is an article that deals with this noise issue.

https://www.mathworks.com/help/signal/ug/take-derivatives-of-a-signal.html

xdt = diff(xt)/dt;
xdt = [xdt xdt(end)];
xddt = diff(xdt)/dt;
xddt = [xddt xddt(end)];

%plot displacement, velocity and acceleration
subplot(3,1,1), plot(t,xt,'-b.'), title('Displacement');
xlabel('time(s)'), ylabel('x(t)'), grid on, grid minor
subplot(3,1,2), plot(t,xdt,'-b.'), title('Velocity System Response');
xlabel('time(s)'), ylabel('v(t)'), grid on, grid minor
subplot(3,1,3), plot(t,xddt,'-b.'), title('Acceleration System Response');
xlabel('time(s)'), ylabel('a(t)'), grid on, grid minor

Notice that the first zero crossing of velocity is about a 1/2 sample from the minimum displacement. If using the diff function, you can reduce this error by upsampling your xt signal so that dt is smaller.