## Electrical Length of Antenna

The physical length of an antenna is the actual physical dimensions of the antenna. Consider a `dipole` antenna from the Antenna Toolbox™ with an operating frequency of 75 MHz and corresponding wavelength of 4 m. The `dipole` object creates a half-wavelength dipole antenna, hence its electrical length is Lambda/2 or 2 m, which is equal to the physical length of the antenna.

The electrical length of an antenna is $\beta l$

where: $\beta =\frac{2\pi }{\lambda }\sqrt{\mu \epsilon }$ is the propagation constant dependent on the wavelength $\lambda$, permittivity $\epsilon$, and permeability $\mu$.

$l$ is the physical length of the antenna.

You can change the electrical length by changing the physical length and the propagation constant. The propagation constant depends on permittivity, permeability of antenna materials, and operating frequency.

### Elevation Patterns of Dipole Antennas

Observe gain of the dipole antennas of various physical lengths at a frequency of 75 MHz in the table below.

Elevation Patterns of Dipole Antennas of Various Physical Lengths at Frequency of 75 MHz

### Elevation Patterns of Rectangular Waveguides at Different Frequencies

Design a rectangular WR-90 `waveguide` with default length of 1 Lambda at an operating frequency of 12.5 GHz. Examine its elevation pattern. Vary the operating frequency and electrical length of the antenna and examine how the elevation pattern changes.

Elevation Patterns of Waveguides of Various Electrical Lengths

### Effect of Materials and Reactance on Electrical Length

#### Effect of Materials

Increasing the relative permittivity or dielectric constant of a material increases the propagation constant. Similarly, increasing the relative permeability of a material also increases the propagation constant. Design two microstrip patch antennas, one with `air` as the substrate and another with a `FR4` substrate. Analyze their dimensions at the same operating frequency.

## Compare Dimensions of Microstrip Patch Antennas with Different Substrates

Design a microstrip patch antenna with air as a substrate at a frequency of 1 GHz.

`design(patchMicrostrip,1e9)`
```ans = patchMicrostrip with properties: Length: 0.1439 Width: 0.1874 Height: 0.0030 Substrate: [1x1 dielectric] GroundPlaneLength: 0.2998 GroundPlaneWidth: 0.2998 PatchCenterOffset: [0 0] FeedOffset: [0.0303 0] Conductor: [1x1 metal] Tilt: 0 TiltAxis: [1 0 0] Load: [1x1 lumpedElement] ```

Design a microstrip patch antenna with `FR4` as a substrate at a frequency of 1 GHz.

`design(patchMicrostrip('Substrate',dielectric('FR4')),1e9)`
```ans = patchMicrostrip with properties: Length: 0.0664 Width: 0.0855 Height: 0.0014 Substrate: [1x1 dielectric] GroundPlaneLength: 0.1368 GroundPlaneWidth: 0.1368 PatchCenterOffset: [0 0] FeedOffset: [0.0140 0] Conductor: [1x1 metal] Tilt: 0 TiltAxis: [1 0 0] Load: [1x1 lumpedElement] ```

The effective electrical length of an antenna can be changed without changing its physical length by adding reactance, (inductance or capacitance) in series with the antenna. This is called lumped-impedance matching or loading. For example, consider a monopole antenna and a monopole antenna with a top hat of the same physical length. The monopole antenna with a top hat resonates at a lower frequency as compared to the monopole antenna without top hat. Hence, the corresponding wavelength for monopole with a top hat is higher and, its electrical length is larger.

## Compare Impedance of Monopole and Top Hat Monopole Antennas

Calculate and plot the impedance of a monopole antenna over a frequency range of 40 MHz-80 MHz.

```figure; impedance(monopole,linspace(40e6,80e6,41))```

Calculate and plot the impedance of a top hat monopole antenna over a frequency range of 40 MHz-80 MHz.

```figure; impedance(monopoleTopHat,linspace(40e6,80e6,41))```

### Mesh at Various Frequencies

Observe meshing of the dipole antennas of same physical lengths at frequencies of 37.5, 75, and 150 MHz in the table below.

Meshing of Dipole Antenna at Various Frequencies

 Frequency = 37.5 MHz Frequency = 75 MHz Frequency = 150 MHz

The antenna lengths stay the same, but as the operating frequency of the antenna changes, the number of triangles in the mesh change as do the solutions for the analysis functions.

## References

[1] Balanis, C.A. Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design. 3rd Ed. New York: Wiley, 2005.