getLoopTransfer
Open-loop transfer function at specified point using slLinearizer
or slTuner
interface
Syntax
Description
returns the point-to-point open-loop
transfer function at the specified analysis point for the model
associated with the linsys
= getLoopTransfer(s
,pt
)slLinearizer
or
slTuner
interface, s
.
The software enforces all the permanent loop
openings specified for s
when it calculates
linsys
. If you configured either
s.Parameters
, or s.OperatingPoints
, or
both, getLoopTransfer
performs multiple linearizations and
returns an array of loop transfer functions.
specifies the feedback sign for computing the open-loop response. By default,
linsys
= getLoopTransfer(s
,pt
,sign
)linsys
is the positive-feedback open-loop transfer
function.
Set sign
to -1
to compute the negative-feedback
open-loop transfer function for applications that assume the negative-feedback
definition of linsys
. Many classical design and analysis
techniques, such as the Nyquist or root locus design techniques, use the
negative-feedback convention.
The closed-loop sensitivity at pt
is equal to
feedback(1,linsys,sign)
.
considers additional, temporary, openings at the point specified by
linsys
= getLoopTransfer(s
,pt
,temp_opening
)temp_opening
. Use an opening, for example, to calculate
the loop transfer function of an inner loop, measured at the plant input, with
the outer loop open.
specifies temporary openings and the feedback sign.linsys
= getLoopTransfer(s
,pt
,temp_opening
,sign
)
returns a subset of the batch linearization results.
linsys
= getLoopTransfer(___,mdl_index
)mdl_index
specifies the index of the linearizations of
interest, in addition to any of the input arguments in previous syntaxes.
Use this syntax for efficient linearization, when you want to obtain the loop transfer function for only a subset of the batch linearization results.
Examples
Obtain Loop Transfer Function at Analysis Point
Obtain the loop transfer function, calculated at e
, for the ex_scd_simple_fdbk
model.
Open the ex_scd_simple_fdbk
model.
mdl = 'ex_scd_simple_fdbk';
open_system(mdl);
In this model:
Create an slLinearizer
interface for the model.
sllin = slLinearizer(mdl);
To obtain the loop transfer function at e
, add this point to sllin
as an analysis point.
addPoint(sllin,'e');
Obtain the loop transfer function at e
.
sys = getLoopTransfer(sllin,'e');
tf(sys)
ans = From input "e" to output "e": -3 ----- s + 5 Continuous-time transfer function.
The software adds a linearization output, breaks the loop, and adds a linearization input, de
, at e
.
sys
is the transfer function from de
to e
. Because the software assumes positive-feedback, it returns sys
as .
Obtain Negative-Feedback Loop Transfer Function at Analysis Point
Obtain the negative-feedback loop transfer function, calculated at e
, for the ex_scd_simple_fdbk
model.
Open the ex_scd_simple_fdbk
model.
mdl = 'ex_scd_simple_fdbk';
open_system(mdl);
In this model:
Create an slLinearizer
interface for the model.
sllin = slLinearizer(mdl);
To obtain the loop transfer function at e
, add this point to sllin
as an analysis point.
addPoint(sllin,'e');
Obtain the loop transfer function at e
.
sys = getLoopTransfer(sllin,'e',-1);
tf(sys)
ans = From input "e" to output "e": 3 ----- s + 5 Continuous-time transfer function.
The software adds a linearization output, breaks the loop, and adds a linearization input, de
, at e
.
sys
is the transfer function from de
to e
. Because the third input argument indicates negative-feedback, the software returns sys
as .
Specify Temporary Loop Opening for Loop Transfer Function Calculation
Obtain the loop transfer function for the inner loop, calculated at e2
, for the scdcascade
model.
Open the scdcascade
model.
mdl = 'scdcascade';
open_system(mdl)
Create an slLinearizer
interface for the model.
sllin = slLinearizer(mdl);
To calculate the loop transfer function for the inner loop, use the e2
signal as the analysis point. To eliminate the effects of the outer loop, break the outer loop at y1m
. Add these points to sllin
.
addPoint(sllin,{'e2','y1m'});
Obtain the inner-loop loop transfer function at e2
.
sys = getLoopTransfer(sllin,'e2','y1m');
Here, 'y1m'
, the third input argument, specifies a temporary loop opening. The software assumes positive-feedback when it calculates sys
.
Obtain Loop Transfer Function for Specific Parameter Combination
Suppose you batch linearize the scdcascade
model for multiple transfer functions. For most linearizations, you vary the proportional (Kp2
) and integral gain (Ki2
) of the C2
controller, in the 10% range. For this example, calculate the loop transfer function for the inner loop at e2
for the maximum values of Kp2
and Ki2
.
Open the scdcascade
model.
mdl = 'scdcascade';
open_system(mdl)
Create an slLinearizer
interface for the model.
sllin = slLinearizer(mdl);
Vary the proportional (Kp2
) and integral gain (Ki2
) of the C2
controller in the 10% range.
Kp2_range = linspace(0.9*Kp2,1.1*Kp2,3); Ki2_range = linspace(0.9*Ki2,1.1*Ki2,5); [Kp2_grid,Ki2_grid] = ndgrid(Kp2_range,Ki2_range); params(1).Name = 'Kp2'; params(1).Value = Kp2_grid; params(2).Name = 'Ki2'; params(2).Value = Ki2_grid; sllin.Parameters = params;
To calculate the loop transfer function for the inner loop, use the e2
signal as the analysis point. To eliminate the effects of the outer loop, break the outer loop at y1m
. Add these points to sllin
.
addPoint(sllin,{'e2','y1m'});
Determine the index for the maximum values of Ki2
and Kp2
.
mdl_index = params(1).Value == max(Kp2_range) & params(2).Value == max(Ki2_range);
Obtain the inner-loop loop transfer function at e2
, with the outer loop open.
sys = getLoopTransfer(sllin,'e2','y1m',-1,mdl_index);
The fourth input argument specifies negative-feedback for the loop transfer calculation.
Obtain Offsets from Loop Transfer Function
Open Simulink model.
mdl = 'watertank';
open_system(mdl)
Create a linearization option set, and set the StoreOffsets
option.
opt = linearizeOptions('StoreOffsets',true);
Create slLinearizer
interface.
sllin = slLinearizer(mdl,opt);
Add an analysis point at the tank output port.
addPoint(sllin,'watertank/Water-Tank System');
Calculate the loop transfer function at the analysis point, and obtain the corresponding linearization offsets.
[sys,info] = getLoopTransfer(sllin,'watertank/Water-Tank System');
View offsets.
info.Offsets
ans = struct with fields: x: [2x1 double] dx: [2x1 double] u: 1 y: 1 StateName: {2x1 cell} InputName: {'watertank/Water-Tank System'} OutputName: {'watertank/Water-Tank System'} Ts: 0
Input Arguments
s
— Interface to Simulink® model
slLinearizer
interface | slTuner
interface
Interface to a Simulink model, specified as either an slLinearizer
interface or an slTuner
interface.
pt
— Analysis point signal name
character vector | string | cell array of character vectors | string array
Analysis point signal name, specified as:
Character vector or string — Analysis point signal name.
To determine the signal name associated with an analysis point, type
s
. The software displays the contents ofs
in the MATLAB® command window, including the analysis point signal names, block names, and port numbers. Suppose that an analysis point does not have a signal name, but only a block name and port number. You can specifypt
as the block name. To use a point not in the list of analysis points fors
, first add the point usingaddPoint
.You can specify
pt
as a uniquely matching portion of the full signal name or block name. Suppose that the full signal name of an analysis point is'LoadTorque'
. You can specifypt
as'Torque'
as long as'Torque'
is not a portion of the signal name for any other analysis point ofs
.For example,
pt = 'y1m'
.Cell array of character vectors or string array — Specifies multiple analysis point names. For example,
pt = {'y1m','y2m'}
.
To calculate linsys
, the software adds a linearization output, followed
by a loop break, and then a linearization input at pt
.
Consider the following model:
Specify pt
as 'u'
.
The software computes linsys
as the transfer function from
du
to u
.
If you specify pt
as multiple signals,
for example pt = {'u','y'}
, the software adds a
linearization output, loop break, and a linearization input at each
point.
du
and dy
are linearization inputs, and,
u
and y
are linearization outputs.
The software computes linsys
as a MIMO transfer
function with a transfer function from each linearization input to each
linearization output.
sign
— Feedback sign
+1
(default) | -1
Feedback sign, specified as one of the following values:
+1
(default) —getLoopTransfer
returns the positive-feedback open-loop transfer function.-1
—getLoopTransfer
returns the negative-feedback open-loop transfer function. The negative-feedback transfer function is-1
times the positive-feedback transfer function.
temp_opening
— Temporary opening signal name
character vector | string | cell array of character vectors | string array
Temporary opening signal name, specified as:
Character vector or string — Analysis point signal name.
temp_opening
must specify an analysis point that is in the list of analysis points fors
. To determine the signal name associated with an analysis point, types
. The software displays the contents ofs
in the MATLAB command window, including the analysis point signal names, block names, and port numbers. Suppose that an analysis point does not have a signal name, but only a block name and port number. You can specifytemp_opening
as the block name. To use a point not in the list of analysis points fors
, first add the point usingaddPoint
.You can specify
temp_opening
as a uniquely matching portion of the full signal name or block name. Suppose that the full signal name of an analysis point is'LoadTorque'
. You can specifytemp_opening
as'Torque'
as long as'Torque'
is not a portion of the signal name for any other analysis point ofs
.For example,
temp_opening = 'y1m'
.Cell array of character vectors or string array — Specifies multiple analysis point names. For example,
temp_opening = {'y1m','y2m'}
.
mdl_index
— Index for linearizations of interest
array of logical values | vector of positive integers
Index for linearizations of interest, specified as:
Array of logical values — Logical array index of linearizations of interest. Suppose that you vary two parameters,
par1
andpar2
, and want to extract the linearization for the combination ofpar1 > 0.5
andpar2 <= 5
. Use:params = s.Parameters; mdl_index = params(1).Value>0.5 & params(2).Value <= 5;
The expression
params(1).Value>0.5 & params(2).Value<5
uses logical indexing and returns a logical array. This logical array is the same size asparams(1).Value
andparams(2).Value
. Each entry contains the logical evaluation of the expression for corresponding entries inparams(1).Value
andparams(2).Value
.Vector of positive integers — Linear index of linearizations of interest. Suppose that you vary two parameters,
par1
andpar2
, and want to extract the linearization for the combination ofpar1 > 0.5
andpar2 <= 5
. Use:params = s.Parameters; mdl_index = find(params(1).Value>0.5 & params(2).Value <= 5);
The expression
params(1).Value>0.5 & params(2).Value<5
returns a logical array.find
returns the linear index of every true entry in the logical array
Output Arguments
linsys
— Point-to-point open-loop transfer function
state-space object
Point-to-point open-loop transfer function, returned as described in the following:
If you did not configure
s.Parameters
ands.OperatingPoints
, the software calculateslinsys
using the default model parameter values. The software uses the model initial conditions as the linearization operating point.linsys
is returned as a state-space model.If you configured
s.Parameters
only, the software computes a linearization for each parameter grid point.linsys
is returned as a state-space model array of the same size as the parameter grid.If you configured
s.OperatingPoints
only, the software computes a linearization for each specified operating point.linsys
is returned as a state-space model array of the same size ass.OperatingPoints
.If you configured
s.Parameters
and specifieds.OperatingPoints
as a single operating point, the software computes a linearization for each parameter grid point. The software uses the specified operating point as the linearization operating point.linsys
is returned as a state-space model array of the same size as the parameter grid.If you configured
s.Parameters
and specifieds.OperatingPoints
as multiple operating point objects, the software computes a linearization for each parameter grid point. The software requires thats.OperatingPoints
is the same size as the parameter grid specified bys.Parameters
. The software computes each linearization using corresponding operating points and parameter grid points.linsys
is returned as a state-space model array of the same size as the parameter grid.If you configured
s.Parameters
and specifieds.OperatingPoints
as multiple simulation snapshot times, the software simulates and linearizes the model for each snapshot time and parameter grid point combination. Suppose that you specify a parameter grid of sizep
andN
snapshot times.linsys
is returned as a state-space model array of sizeN
-by-p
.
For most models, linsys
is returned as an ss
object or an array of
ss
objects. However, if your model contains one of
the following blocks in the linearization path defined by
pt
, then linsys
returns the
specified type of state-space model.
Block | linsys Type |
---|---|
Block with a substitution specified as a
genss object or tunable model
object | genss |
Block with a substitution specified as an uncertain
model, such as uss | uss (Robust Control Toolbox) |
Sparse Second Order block | mechss |
Descriptor State-Space block configured to linearize to a sparse model | sparss |
info
— Linearization information
structure
Linearization information, returned as a structure with the following fields:
Offsets
— Linearization offsets
[]
(default) | structure | structure array
Linearization offsets, returned as []
if
s.Options.StoreOffsets
is false
.
Otherwise, Offsets
is returned as one of the
following:
If
linsys
is a single state-space model, thenOffsets
is a structure.If
linsys
is an array of state-space models, thenOffsets
is a structure array with the same dimensions aslinsys
.
Each offset structure has the following fields:
Field | Description |
---|---|
x | State offsets used for linearization, returned as a column vector of length
nx, where
nx is the number of states in
linsys . |
y | Output offsets used for linearization, returned as a column vector of length
ny, where
ny is the number of outputs in
linsys . |
u | Input offsets used for linearization, returned as a column vector of length
nu, where
nu is the number of inputs in
linsys . |
dx | Derivative offsets for continuous time systems or updated state values for discrete-time systems, returned as a column vector of length nx. |
StateName | State names, returned as a cell array that contains
nx elements that match the names
in linsys.StateName . |
InputName | Input names, returned as a cell array that contains
nu elements that match the names
in linsys.InputName . |
OutputName | Output names, returned as a cell array that contains
ny elements that match the names
in linsys.OutputName . |
Ts | Sample time of the linearized system, returned as a scalar that matches the sample time in
linsys.Ts . For continuous-time systems,
Ts is 0 . |
If Offsets
is a structure array, you can
configure an LPV System block using
the offsets. To do so, first convert them to the required format using getOffsetsForLPV
. For an example, see Approximate Nonlinear Behavior Using Array of LTI Systems.
Advisor
— Linearization diagnostic information
[]
(default) | LinearizationAdvisor
object | array of LinearizationAdvisor
objects
Linearization diagnostic information, returned as []
if
s.Options.StoreAdvisor
is false
.
Otherwise, Advisor
is returned as one of the
following:
If
linsys
is a single state-space model,Advisor
is aLinearizationAdvisor
object.If
linsys
is an array of state-space models,Advisor
is an array ofLinearizationAdvisor
objects with the same dimensions aslinsys
.
LinearizationAdvisor
objects store linearization
diagnostic information for individual linearized blocks. For an example of
troubleshooting linearization results using a
LinearizationAdvisor
object, see Troubleshoot Linearization Results at Command Line.
More About
Loop Transfer Function
The loop transfer function at a point is the point-to-point open-loop transfer function from an additive disturbance at a point to a measurement at the same point.
To compute the loop transfer function at an analysis point, x
,
the software adds a linearization output, inserts a loop break, and
adds a linearization input, dx
. The software computes
the transfer function from dx
to x
,
which is equal to the loop transfer function at x
.
Analysis Point in Simulink Model | How getLoopTransfer Interprets
Analysis Point | Loop Transfer Function |
---|---|---|
|
| Transfer function from |
For example, consider the following model where you compute
the loop transfer function at e
:
Here, at e
, the software adds a linearization
output, inserts a loop break, and adds a linearization input, de
.
The loop transfer function at e
, L,
is the transfer function from de
to e
. L is
calculated as follows:
To compute -KG,
use u
as the analysis point for getLoopTransfer
.
The software does not modify the Simulink model when it computes the loop transfer function.
Analysis Points
Analysis points, used
by the slLinearizer
and slTuner
interfaces,
identify locations within a model that are relevant for linear analysis
and control system tuning. You use analysis points as inputs to the
linearization commands, such as getIOTransfer
, getLoopTransfer
, getSensitivity
, and getCompSensitivity
. As inputs to the
linearization commands, analysis points can specify any open-loop
or closed-loop transfer function in a model. You can also use analysis
points to specify design requirements when tuning control systems
using commands such as systune
.
Location refers to a specific block output port within a model or to a bus element in such an output port. For convenience, you can use the name of the signal that originates from this port to refer to an analysis point.
You can add analysis points to an slLinearizer
or slTuner
interface, s
,
when you create the interface. For example:
s = slLinearizer('scdcascade',{'u1','y1'});
Alternatively, you can use the addPoint
command.
To view all the analysis points of s
, type s
at
the command prompt to display the interface contents. For each analysis
point of s
, the display includes the block name
and port number and the name of the signal that originates at this
point. You can also programmatically obtain a list of all the analysis
points using getPoints
.
For more information about how you can use analysis points, see Mark Signals of Interest for Control System Analysis and Design and Mark Signals of Interest for Batch Linearization.
Permanent Openings
Permanent openings,
used by the slLinearizer
and slTuner
interfaces,
identify locations within a model where the software breaks the signal
flow. The software enforces these openings for linearization and tuning.
Use permanent openings to isolate a specific model component. Suppose
that you have a large-scale model capturing aircraft dynamics and
you want to perform linear analysis on the airframe only. You can
use permanent openings to exclude all other components of the model.
Another example is when you have cascaded loops within your model
and you want to analyze a specific loop.
Location refers to a specific block output port within a model. For convenience, you can use the name of the signal that originates from this port to refer to an opening.
You can add permanent openings to an slLinearizer
or slTuner
interface, s
,
when you create the interface or by using the addOpening
command. To remove a location
from the list of permanent openings, use the removeOpening
command.
To view all the openings of s
, type s
at
the command prompt to display the interface contents. For each permanent
opening of s
, the display includes the block name
and port number and the name of the signal that originates at this
location. You can also programmatically obtain a list of all the permanent
loop openings using getOpenings
.
Version History
Introduced in R2013bR2020b: Linearize Simulink model to a sparse state-space model
You can linearize and obtain a sparse model from a Simulink model that contains a Sparse Second Order or Descriptor State-Space block.
mechss
model when you use a Sparse Second Order in your Simulink model.sparss
model when you use a Descriptor State-Space block and select the Linearize to sparse model block parameter.
For more information, see Sparse Model Basics. For an example, see Linearize Simulink Model to a Sparse Second-Order Model Object.
R2016b: Compute operating point offsets for model inputs, outputs, states, and state derivatives during linearization
You can compute operating point offsets for model inputs, outputs, states, and state derivatives when linearizing Simulink models. Thee offsets streamline the creation of linear parameter-varying (LPV) systems.
To obtain operating point offsets, first create a linearizeOptions
or slTunerOptions
object and set the
StoreOffsets
option to true
. Then,
create an slLinearizer
or slTuner
interface for the
model.
You can extract the offsets from the info
output argument of
getLoopTransfer
and convert them into the required format
for the LPV System block using the getOffsetsForLPV
function.
See Also
slLinearizer
| slTuner
| addPoint
| addOpening
| getIOTransfer
| getSensitivity
| getCompSensitivity
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