Specify Custom Operation Backward Function

When you define a custom loss function, custom layer forward function, or define a deep learning model as a function, if the software does not provide the deep learning operation that you require for your task, then you can define your own function using dlarray objects.

Most deep learning workflows use gradients to train the model. If the function only uses functions that support dlarray objects, then you can use the functions directly and the software determines the gradients automatically using automatic differentiation. For example, you can pass dlarray object functions like crossentropy to as a loss function to the trainnet function, or use dlarray object functions like dlconv in custom layer functions. For a list of functions that support dlarray objects, see List of Functions with dlarray Support.

If you want to use functions that do not support dlarray objects, or want to use a specific algorithm to compute the gradients, then you can define a custom deep learning operation as a differentiable function object.

To define a custom deep learning operation as a differentiable function, you can use the template provided in this example, which takes you through these steps:

• Name the function — Give the function a name so that you can use it in MATLAB^®

• Create the constructor function — Specify how to construct the an instance of the function.

• Create the forward function — Specify how data passes forward through the operation (forward propagation).

• Create the backward function — Specify the derivatives of the loss with respect to the input data (backward propagation).

When you define the functions, you can use dlarray objects. Using dlarray objects makes working with high dimensional data easier by allowing you to label the dimensions. For example, you can label which dimensions correspond to spatial, time, channel, and batch dimensions using the "S", "T", "C", and "B" labels, respectively. For unspecified and other dimensions, use the "U" label. For dlarray object functions that operate over particular dimensions, you can specify the dimension labels by formatting the dlarray object directly, or by using the DataFormat option.

This example shows how to create a SReLU function, which is an operation five inputs. A SReLU layer performs a thresholding operation, where for each channel, the layer scales values outside an interval. The interval thresholds and scaling factors are learnable parameters. [1].

The SReLU operation is given by

$$f(x_i,t_i^l,a_i^l,t_i^r,a_i^r)=\{\begin{array}{ll}{t}_i^l+\text{}{a}_i^l\left(x_i-t_i^l\right)\hfill & \text{if }{x}_i\le t_i^l\hfill \\ x_i\hfill & \text{if }{t}_i^l<x_i<t_i^r\hfill \\ t_i^r+\text{}{a}_i^r\left(x_i-t_i^r\right)\hfill & \text{if }{t}_i^r\le x_i\hfill \end{array}$$

where x_i is the input on channel i, t^l_i and t^r_i are the left and right thresholds on channel i, respectively, and a^l_i and a^r_i are the left and right scaling factors on channel i, respectively.

Custom Operation Template

To define a custom deep learning operation, use this class definition template. This template gives the structure of a custom operation class definition. It outlines:

• The optional properties block for the operation properties.

• The constructor function.

• The forward function.

• The backward function.

classdef myFunction < deep.DifferentiableFunction

    properties
        % (Optional) Operation properties.

        % Declare operation properties here.
    end

    methods
        function fcn = myFunction
            % Create a myFunction. 
            % This function must have the same name as the class.

            [e-mail](numOutputs, ...
                SaveInputsForBackward=tf, ...
                SaveOutputsForBackward=tf, ...
                NumMemoryValues=K);
        end

        function [Y,memory] = forward(fcn,X)
            % Forward input data through the function and output the result
            % and a memory value.
            %
            % Inputs:
            %         fcn - Function object to forward propagate through 
            %         X   - Function input data
            % Outputs:
            %         Y      - Output of function forward function 
            %         memory - (Optional) Memory value for backward
            %                  function
            %
            %  - For functions with multiple inputs, replace X with 
            %    X1,...,XN, where N is the number of inputs.
            %  - For functions with multiple outputs, replace Y with
            %    Y1,...,YM, where M is the number of outputs.
            %  - For functions with multiple memory outputs, replace
            %    memory with memory1,...,memoryK, where K is the
            %    number of memory outputs.

            % Define forward function here.
        end

        function dLdX = backward(fcn,dLdY,computeGradients,X,Y,memory)
            % Backward propagate the derivative of the loss function 
            % through the function.
            %
            % Inputs:
            %         fcn              - Function object to backward 
            %                            propagate through 
            %         dLdY             - Derivative of loss with respect to
            %                            function output
            %         computeGradients - Logical flag indicating whether to
            %                            compute gradients
            %         X                - (Optional) Function input data 
            %         Y                - (Optional) Function output data
            %         memory           - (Optional) Memory value from 
            %                            forward function
            % Outputs:
            %         dLdX   - Derivative of loss with respect to function
            %                  input 
            %
            %  - For functions with multiple inputs, replace X and dLdX 
            %    with X1,...,XN and dLdX1,...,dLdXN, respectively, where N 
            %    is the number of inputs. In this case, computeGradients is
            %    a logical vector of size N, where non-zero elements 
            %    indicate to compute gradients for the corresponding input.
            %  - For functions with multiple outputs, replace Y and dLdY 
            %    with Y1,...,YM and dLdY,...,dLdYM, respectively, where M 
            %    is the number of outputs.

            % Define backward function here.
        end
    end
end

Name Function

First, give the operation a name. In the first line of the class file, replace the existing name myFunction with sreluFunction.

classdef sreluFunction < deep.DifferentiableFunction
    ...
end

Next, rename the myFunction constructor function (the first function in the methods section) so that it has the same name as the layer and update the header comment.

    methods
        function fcn = sreluFunction           
            % Create a sreluFunction. 

            ...
        end

        ...
    end

Save the Function

Save the class file in a new file named sreluFunction.m. The file name must match the function name. To use the function, you must save the file in the current folder or in a folder on the MATLAB path.

Declare Properties and Learnable Parameters

Declare the layer properties in the properties section.

Tip

The forward and backward functions receive data specified as numeric arrays. For formatted dlarray workflows, you can create a property Format that stores the format of the input data. You can then use this property value in the forward and backward functions.

The SReLU backward operation requires the input data format information, so declare the property Format that stores the input data format.

    properties
        Format
    end

Create Constructor Function

Create the constructor function that constructs the function object and specifies the number of outputs. Specify any variables required to create the function as inputs to the constructor function.

To construct an instance of the object, use the command [e-mail](numOutputs), where numOutputs is the number of outputs of the operation. This command instantiates the function object with the specified output size using the constructor function of the superclass deep.DifferentiableFunction. The deep.DifferentiableFunction function has additional optional name-value arguments:

• SaveInputsForBackward — Flag indicating whether to pass the operation inputs to the backward function, specified as 1 (true) or 0 (false). The default is 0 (false).

• SaveOutputsForBackward — Flag indicating whether to pass the operation outputs to the backward function, specified as 1 (true) or 0 (false). The default is 0 (false).

• NumMemoryValues — Number of memory values to pass to the backward function, specified as a positive integer. The default is 0.

The SReLU operation has one output. The SReLU backward operation requires the input data format information, so specify the format as an input argument and store it in the Format property. The backward function also requires the operation input data.

        function fcn = sreluFunction(format)
            % Create a sreluFunction.
            % 
            % fcn = sreluFunction(format) create a sreluFunction object
            % that operations on data with the specified format.
    
            [e-mail](1,SaveInputsForBackward=true); 
            fcn.Format = string(format);
        end

Create Forward Functions

Create the forward function of the operation named forward that propagates the data forward through the operation and outputs the result.

The forward function defines the deep learning forward pass operation. It has the syntax [Y,memory] = forward(~,X). The function has these inputs and outputs:

• X — Operation input data.

• Y — Operation output data.

• memory (optional) — Memory value for the backward function. To avoid repeated calculations in the backward function, use this output to share data with the backward function. To use memory values, set the NumMemoryValues argument of deep.DifferentiableFunction in the constructor function to a positive integer.

You can adjust the syntax for operations with multiple inputs, outputs, and memory values:

• For operations with multiple inputs, replace X with X1,...,XN, where N is the number of inputs.

• For operations with multiple outputs, replace Y with Y1,...,YM, where M is the number of outputs.

• For operations with multiple memory values, replace memory with memory1,...,memoryK, where K is the number of memory values.

Tip

If the number of inputs to the operation can vary, then use varargin instead of X1,…,XN. In this case, varargin is a cell array of the inputs, where varargin{i} corresponds to Xi.

Because the SReLU operation has five inputs input, one output, and no memory values, the syntax for forward for the SReLU operation is Y = forward(~,X,tl,al,tr,ar), where

• X is the function input data

• tl is the left threshold

• al is the left slope

• tr is the right threshold

• ar is the right slope

• Y is the function output data

The SReLU operation is given by

$$f(x_i,t_i^l,a_i^l,t_i^r,a_i^r)=\{\begin{array}{ll}{t}_i^l+\text{}{a}_i^l\left(x_i-t_i^l\right)\hfill & \text{if }{x}_i\le t_i^l\hfill \\ x_i\hfill & \text{if }{t}_i^l<x_i<t_i^r\hfill \\ t_i^r+\text{}{a}_i^r\left(x_i-t_i^r\right)\hfill & \text{if }{t}_i^r\le x_i\hfill \end{array}$$

where x_i is the input on channel i, t^l_i and t^r_i are the left and right thresholds on channel i, respectively, and a^l_i and a^r_i are the left and right scaling factors on channel i, respectively.

Implement this operation in forward. In predict. Add a comment to the top of the function that explains the syntaxes of the function.

        function Y = forward(~,X,tl,al,tr,ar)
            % Forward input data through the function and output the result
            % and a memory value.
            %
            % Inputs:
            %         X  - Function input data
            %         tl - Left threshold
            %         al - Left slope
            %         tr - Right threshold
            %         ar - Right slope
            % Outputs:
            %         Y - Output of function forward function

            Y = (X <= tl) .* (tl + al.*(X-tl)) ...
                + ((tl < X) & (X < tr)) .* X ...
                + (tr <= X) .* (tr + ar.*(X-tr));
        end

Create Backward Function

Implement the backward function that returns the derivatives of the loss with respect to the input data.

The backward function defines the operation backward function. It has the syntax dLdX = backward(fcn,dLdY,computeGradients,X,Y,memory). The function has these inputs and output:

• fcn — Differentiable function object to backward propagate through.

• dLdY — Gradients of the loss with respect to the operation output data Y.

• computeGradients — Logical flag indicating to compute gradients for the input, specified as 1 (true) or 0 (false).

• X (optional) — Operation input data. To use the operation input data, set the SaveInputsForBackward argument of deep.DifferentiableFunction in the constructor function to 1 (true).

• Y (optional) — Operation output data. To use the operation output data, set the SaveOutputsForBackward argument of deep.DifferentiableFunction in the constructor function to 1 (true).

• memory (optional) — Memory value from the forward function. To use memory values, set the NumMemoryValues argument of deep.DifferentiableFunction in the constructor function to a positive integer.

• dLdX — Gradients of the loss with respect to the operation input data X.

The values of X and Y are the same as in the forward function. The dimensions of dLdY are the same as the dimensions of Y.

The dimensions and data type of dLdX are the same as the dimensions and data type of X.

You can adjust the syntaxes for operations with multiple inputs, and multiple outputs:

• For operations with multiple inputs, replace X and dLdX with X1,...,XN and dLdX1,...,dLdXN, respectively, where N is the number of inputs. In this case, computeGradients is a logical vector of size N, where non-zero elements indicate to compute gradients for the corresponding input.

• For operations with multiple outputs, replace Y and dLdY with Y1,...,YM and dLdY1,...,dLdYM, respectively, where M is the number of outputs.

• For operations with multiple memory outputs, replace memory with memory1,...,memoryK, where K is the number of memory values.

To reduce memory usage by preventing unused variables being saved between the forward and backward pass, replace the corresponding input arguments with ~.

Tip

If the number of inputs to backward can vary, then use varargin instead of the input arguments after fcn. In this case, varargin is a cell array of the inputs, where:

• The first M elements correspond to the M, derivatives dLdY1,...,dLdYM.

• The next element corresponds to computeGradients.

• The next N elements correspond to the N inputs X1,...,XN.

• The next M elements correspond to the M outputs Y1,...,YM.

• The remaining elements correspond to the memory values.

Because the SReLU operation has five inputs, one output, requires the operation input data, and does not require the outputs of the layer forward function or a memory value, the syntax for backward for the SReLU operation is [dLdX,dLdtl,dLdtr,dLdal,dLdar] = backward(~,dLdY,computeGradients,X,tl,al,tr,ar).

The values of X, tl, al, tr, and ar are the same as in the forward function. The dimensions of dLdY are the same as the dimensions of the output Y of the forward function. The dimensions and data type of dLdX, dLdtl, dLdtr, dLdal, and dLdar are the same as the dimensions and data type of X, tl, tr, al, and ar, respectively. The input computeGradients is a logical vector with 5 elements, where non-zero elements indicate to compute gradients for the corresponding input.

The derivative of the loss with respect to the input data is

$$\frac{\partial L}{\partial x_i}=\frac{\partial L}{\partial f(x_i,t_i^l,a_i^l,t_i^r,a_i^r)}\frac{\partial f(x_i,t_i^l,a_i^l,t_i^r,a_i^r)}{\partial x_i}$$

where $$\partial L/\partial f(x_i,t_i^l,a_i^l,t_i^r,a_i^r)$$ is the gradient propagated from the next operation, and the derivative of the activation is

$$\frac{\partial f(x_i,t_i^l,a_i^l,t_i^r,a_i^r)}{\partial x_i}=\{\begin{array}{ll}{a}_i^l\hfill & \text{if }{x}_i\le t_i^l\hfill \\ 1\hfill & \text{if }{t}_i^l<x_i<t_i^r\hfill \\ a_i^r\hfill & \text{if }{t}_i^r\le x_i\hfill \end{array}.$$

The derivative of the loss with respect to the parameter t^l_i is

$$\frac{\partial L}{\partial t_i^l}={\displaystyle \sum _j^{}\frac{\partial L}{\partial f(x_{ij},t_i^l,a_i^l,t_i^r,a_i^r)}\frac{\partial f(x_{ij},t_i^l,a_i^l,t_i^r,a_i^r)}{\partial t_j^l}}$$

where i indexes the channels, j indexes the remaining elements, and the gradient of the activation is

$$\frac{\partial f(x_i,t_i^l,a_i^l,t_i^r,a_i^r)}{\partial t_i^l}=\{\begin{array}{ll}1-a_i^l\hfill & \text{if }{x}_i\le t_i^l\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }{t}_i^l<x_i<t_i^r\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }{t}_i^r\le x_i\hfill \end{array}.$$

Similarly, for the other parameters, the gradients are:

$$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\partial f(x_i,t_i^l,a_i^l,t_i^r,a_i^r)}{\partial t_i^r}=\{\begin{array}{ll}0\hfill & \text{if }{x}_i\le t_i^l\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }{t}_i^l<x_i<t_i^r\hfill \\ 1-a_i^r\hfill & \text{if }{t}_i^r\le x_i\hfill \end{array}\\ \frac{\partial f(x_i,t_i^l,a_i^l,t_i^r,a_i^r)}{\partial a_i^l}=\{\begin{array}{ll}{x}_i-t_i^l\hfill & \text{if }{x}_i\le t_i^l\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }{t}_i^l<x_i<t_i^r\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }{t}_i^r\le x_i\hfill \end{array}\\ \frac{\partial f(x_i,t_i^l,a_i^l,t_i^r,a_i^r)}{\partial a_i^r}=\{\begin{array}{ll}0\hfill & \text{if }{x}_i\le t_i^l\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }{t}_i^l<x_i<t_i^r\hfill \\ x_i-t_i^r\hfill & \text{if }{t}_i^r\le x_i\hfill \end{array}\end{array}$$

Create the backward function that returns these derivatives. For each input, only compute the gradients when the corresponding entry in the computeGradients argument is 1 (true). For the gradients where computeGradients is 0 (false), return [].

        function [dLdX,dLdtl,dLdtr,dLdal,dLdar] = backward(~,dLdY,computeGradients,X,tl,al,tr,ar)
            % Backward propagate the derivative of the loss function
            % through the function.
            %
            % Inputs:
            %         dLdY             - Derivative of loss with respect to
            %                            function output
            %         computeGradients - Logical vector indicating which
            %                            gradients to compute
            %         X                - Function input data
            %         tl               - Left threshold
            %         al               - Left slope
            %         tr               - Right threshold
            %         ar               - Right slope
            % Outputs:
            %         dLdX  - Derivative of loss with respect to function
            %                 input
            %         dLdtl - Derivative of loss with respect to left
            %                 threshold
            %         dLdal - Derivative of loss with respect to left 
            %                 slope
            %         dLdtr - Derivative of loss with respect to right
            %                 threshold
            %         dLdar - Derivative of loss with respect to right
            %                 slope

            ndims = strlength(fcn.Format);
            idxC = strfind(fcn.Format,"C");

            dLdX = [];
            if computeGradients(1)
                dYdX = zeros(size(X),like=X);
                dYdX(X <= tl) = al;
                dYdX(tl < X & X < tr) = 1;
                dYdX(tr <= X) = ar;
                dLdX = dLdY .* dYdX;
            end

            idx = setdiff(1:ndims,idxC);

            dLdtl  = [];
            if computeGradients(2)
                dLdtl = sum(dLdY .* (X <= tl) .* (1 - al),idx);
            end

            dLdtr = [];
            if computeGradients(3)
            dLdtr = sum(dLdY .* (tr <= X) .* (1 - ar),idx);
            end

            dLdal = [];
            if computeGradients(4)
                dLdal = sum(dLdY .* (X <= tl) .* (X - tl),idx);
            end

            dLdar = [];
            if computeGradients(5)
                dLdar = sum(dLdY .* (tr <= X) .* (X - tr),idx);
            end
        end

Completed Function

View the completed class file.

classdef sreluFunction < deep.DifferentiableFunction

    properties
        Format
    end

    methods
        function fcn = sreluFunction(format)
            % Create a sreluFunction.
            % 
            % fcn = sreluFunction(format) create a sreluFunction object
            % that operations on data with the specified format.
    
            [e-mail](1,SaveInputsForBackward=true); 
            fcn.Format = string(format);
        end

        function Y = forward(~,X,tl,al,tr,ar)
            % Forward input data through the function and output the result
            % and a memory value.
            %
            % Inputs:
            %         X  - Function input data
            %         tl - Left threshold
            %         al - Left slope
            %         tr - Right threshold
            %         ar - Right slope
            % Outputs:
            %         Y - Output of function forward function

            Y = (X <= tl) .* (tl + al.*(X-tl)) ...
                + ((tl < X) & (X < tr)) .* X ...
                + (tr <= X) .* (tr + ar.*(X-tr));
        end

        function [dLdX,dLdtl,dLdtr,dLdal,dLdar] = backward(~,dLdY,computeGradients,X,tl,al,tr,ar)
            % Backward propagate the derivative of the loss function
            % through the function.
            %
            % Inputs:
            %         dLdY             - Derivative of loss with respect to
            %                            function output
            %         computeGradients - Logical vector indicating which
            %                            gradients to compute
            %         X                - Function input data
            %         tl               - Left threshold
            %         al               - Left slope
            %         tr               - Right threshold
            %         ar               - Right slope
            % Outputs:
            %         dLdX  - Derivative of loss with respect to function
            %                 input
            %         dLdtl - Derivative of loss with respect to left
            %                 threshold
            %         dLdal - Derivative of loss with respect to left 
            %                 slope
            %         dLdtr - Derivative of loss with respect to right
            %                 threshold
            %         dLdar - Derivative of loss with respect to right
            %                 slope

            ndims = strlength(fcn.Format);
            idxC = strfind(fcn.Format,"C");

            dLdX = [];
            if computeGradients(1)
                dYdX = zeros(size(X),like=X);
                dYdX(X <= tl) = al;
                dYdX(tl < X & X < tr) = 1;
                dYdX(tr <= X) = ar;
                dLdX = dLdY .* dYdX;
            end

            idx = setdiff(1:ndims,idxC);

            dLdtl  = [];
            if computeGradients(2)
                dLdtl = sum(dLdY .* (X <= tl) .* (1 - al),idx);
            end

            dLdtr = [];
            if computeGradients(3)
            dLdtr = sum(dLdY .* (tr <= X) .* (1 - ar),idx);
            end

            dLdal = [];
            if computeGradients(4)
                dLdal = sum(dLdY .* (X <= tl) .* (X - tl),idx);
            end

            dLdar = [];
            if computeGradients(5)
                dLdar = sum(dLdY .* (tr <= X) .* (X - tr),idx);
            end
        end
    end
end

Create Interface Function

To use the function in a deep learning model, create a function that takes input data, creates and configures a differentiable function object, evaluates the operation, and returns the result.

Because the differentiable function object strips the dlarray formats from the input data, convert the output to a formatted dlarray.

Create the interface function for the differentiable function object.

function Y = srelu(X,tl,al,tr,ar)
 
format = dims(X);
 
fcn = sreluFunction(format);
Y = fcn(X,tl,al,tr,ar);

Y = dlarray(Y,format);
 
end

For an example that shows how to train a deep learning model defined as a function that uses a custom SReLU operation with a custom backward function, see Train Model Using Custom Backward Function.

References

[1] Hu, Xiaobin, Peifeng Niu, Jianmei Wang, and Xinxin Zhang. “A Dynamic Rectified Linear Activation Units.” IEEE Access 7 (2019): 180409–16. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2959036.