Documentation

# lteULChannelEstimate

## Syntax

``````[hest, noiseest] = lteULChannelEstimate(ue,chs,rxgrid)``````
``````[hest, noiseest] = lteULChannelEstimate(ue,chs,cec,rxgrid)``````
``````[hest, noiseest] = lteULChannelEstimate(ue,chs,cec,rxgrid,refgrid)``````
``````[hest, noiseest] = lteULChannelEstimate(ue,chs,rxgrid,refgrid)``````

## Description

``````[hest, noiseest] = lteULChannelEstimate(ue,chs,rxgrid)``` returns an estimate for the channel by averaging the least squares estimates of the reference symbols across time and copying these estimates across the allocated resource elements within the time frequency grid. It returns the estimated channel between each transmit and receive antenna and an estimate of the noise power spectral density. See Algorithms.```

example

``````[hest, noiseest] = lteULChannelEstimate(ue,chs,cec,rxgrid)``` returns the estimated channel using the method and parameters defined by the user in the channel estimator configuration `cec` structure.```
``````[hest, noiseest] = lteULChannelEstimate(ue,chs,cec,rxgrid,refgrid)``` returns the estimated channel using the method and parameters defined by the channel estimation configuration structure and the additional information about the transmitted symbols found in `refgrid`.When `cec.InterpType` is set to `'None'`, values in `refgrid` are treated as reference symbols and the resulting `hest` contains non-zero values in their locations.```
``````[hest, noiseest] = lteULChannelEstimate(ue,chs,rxgrid,refgrid)``` returns the estimated channel using the estimation method as described in TS 36.101 [1], Annex F4. The method described utilizes extra channel information obtained through information of the transmitted symbols found in `refgrid`. This additional information allows for an improved estimate of the channel and is required for accurate EVM measurements. `rxgrid` and `refgrid` must only contain a whole subframe worth of SC-FDMA symbols.```

## Examples

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Use `lteULChannelEstimate` to estimate the channel characteristics for a received resource grid.

Initialize a UE configuration structure to RMC `A3-2`. Initialize the channel estimation configuration structure. Generate a transmission waveform. For the purpose of this example, we bypass the channel stage of the system model and copy `txWaveform` to `rxWaveform`.

```ue = lteRMCUL('A3-2'); ue.TotSubframes = 1; cec = struct('FreqWindow',7,'TimeWindow',1,'InterpType','cubic'); txWaveform = lteRMCULTool(ue,[1;0;0;1]); rxWaveform = txWaveform;```

Demodulate the SC-FDMA waveform and perform channel estimation operation on `rxGrid`.

```rxGrid = lteSCFDMADemodulate(ue,rxWaveform); hest = lteULChannelEstimate(ue,ue.PUSCH,cec,rxGrid);```

## Input Arguments

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UE-specific configuration, specified as a structure. `ue` can contain the following fields.

Parameter FieldRequired or OptionalValuesDescription
`NULRB`Required

6, 15, 25, 50, 75, 100

Number of uplink resource blocks. (${N}_{\text{RB}}^{\text{UL}}$)

`NCellID`Required

Nonnegative scalar integer

Physical layer cell identity

`NSubframe`Required

0 (default), nonnegative scalar integer

Subframe number

`CyclicPrefixUL`Optional

`'Normal'` (default), `'Extended'`

`NTxAnts`Optional

1 (default), 2, 4

Number of transmission antennas.

`Hopping`Optional

`'Off'` (default), `'Group'`, or `'Sequence'`

Frequency hopping method.

`SeqGroup`Optional

0 (default), integer from 0 to 29

PUSCH sequence group assignment (ΔSS).

Only used if `NDMRSID` or `NPUSCHID` is absent.

`CyclicShift`Optional

0 (default), integer from 0 to 7

Number of cyclic shifts used for PUSCH DM-RS (yields ${n}_{DMRS}^{\left(1\right)}$).

`NPUSCHID`Optional

0 (default), nonnegative scalar integer from 0 to 509

PUSCH virtual cell identity. If this field is not present, `NCellID` is used for group hopping sequence-shift pattern initialization.

See footnote.

`NDMRSID`Optional

0 (default), nonnegative scalar integer from 0 to 509

DM-RS identity for cyclic shift hopping (${n}_{ID}^{csh_DMRS}$). If this field is not present, `NCellID` is used for cyclic shift hopping initialization.

See footnote.

1. The pseudorandom sequence generator for cyclic shift hopping is initialized according to `NDMRSID`, if present — otherwise it is initialized according to the cell identity `NCellID` and the sequence group assignment `SeqGroup`. Similarly, the sequence-shift pattern for group hopping is initialized according to `NPUSCHID`, if present — otherwise it is initialized according to `NCellID` and `SeqGroup`.

Data Types: `struct`

PUSCH channel settings, specified as a structure that can contain the following fields. The parameter field `PMI` is only required if `ue``.``NTxAnts` is set to 2 or 4.

Parameter FieldRequired or OptionalValuesDescription
`PRBSet`Required

Integer column vector or two-column matrix

Physical resource block set, specified as a 1-column or 2-column matrix. This parameter field contains the zero-based physical resource block (PRB) indices corresponding to the slot-wise resource allocations for this PUSCH.

If `PRBSet` is a column vector, the resource allocation is the same in both slots of the subframe. To specify differing PRBs for each slot in a subframe, use a 2-column matrix. The PRB indices are zero based.

`NLayers`Optional1 (default), 2, 3, 4Number of transmission layers
`DynCyclicShift`Optional

0 (default), integer from 0 to 7

Cyclic shift for DM-RS (yields ${n}_{DMRS}^{\left(2\right)}$).

`OrthoCover`Optional

`'Off'` (default), `'On'`

Applies (`'On'`), or does not apply (`'Off'`), orthogonal cover sequence w (Activate-DMRS-with OCC).

The following field is required only when `ue`.`NTxAnts` is set to 2 or 4.
`PMI`Optional

nonnegative scalar integer (0,...,23)

0 (default)

Scalar precoder matrix indication (PMI) to be used during precoding

of the DRS reference symbols

Data Types: `struct`

Received resource element grid, specified as an NSC-by-NSym-by-NR array of complex symbols.

• NSC is the number of subcarriers

• NSym = NSF × NSymPerSF

• NSF is the total number of subframes. If NSF is greater than one, the correct region is extracted from the returned `hest` array. The location of the estimated subframe within `hest` is specified using the parameter field `cec.Window`.

• NSymPerSF is the number of SC-FDMA symbols per subframe.

• For normal cyclic prefix, each subframe contains 14 SC-FDMA symbols.

• For extended cyclic prefix, each subframe contains 12 SC-FDMA symbols.

• NR is the number of receive antennas

Data Types: `double`
Complex Number Support: Yes

Channel estimator configuration, specified as a structure with these fields.

Parameter FieldRequired or OptionalValuesDescription
`FreqWindow`Required

Nonnegative scalar integer

Size of window in resource elements used to average over frequency during channel estimation

The window size must be either an odd number or a multiple of 12.

`TimeWindow`Required

Nonnegative scalar integer

Size of window in resource elements used to average over time during channel estimation

The window size must be an odd number.

`InterpType`Required

`'nearest'`, `'linear'`, `'natural'`, `'cubic'`, `'v4'`, `'none'`

See footnote.

Type of 2-D interpolation used during interpolation. For details, see `griddata`. Supported choices are shown in the following table.

ValueDescription
`'nearest'`Nearest neighbor interpolation
`'linear'`Linear interpolation
`'natural'`Natural neighbor interpolation
`'cubic'`Cubic interpolation
`'v4'`MATLAB® 4 `griddata` method
`'none'`Disables interpolation

`PilotAverage`Optional

`'UserDefined'`(default), `'TestEVM'`

See footnote.

Type of pilot averaging

`Reference`Optional

`'Antennas'` (default), `'Layers'`, `'None'`

See footnote.

Specifies point of reference (signals to internally generate) for channel estimation

The following field is required only when `rxgrid` contains more than one subframe. See footnote.

`Window`Optional

`'Left'`, `'Right'`, `'Centred'`, `'Centered'`

If more than one subframe is input this parameter is required to indicate the position of the subframe from rxgrid and refgrid containing the desired channel estimate. Only channel estimates for this subframe will be returned. For the `'Centred'` and `'Centered'` settings, the window size must be odd.

1. For `cec.InterpType` = `'none'`, no interpolation is performed between pilot symbols and no virtual pilots are created. `hest` will contain channel estimates in the locations of transmitted reference symbols for each received antenna and all other elements of `hest` are zero. The averaging of pilot symbols estimates described by `cec.TimeWindow` and `cec.FreqWindow` are still performed.

2. The `'UserDefined'` pilot averaging uses a rectangular kernel of size `cec.FreqWindow`-by-`cec.TimeWindow` and performs a 2-D filtering operation upon the pilots. Pilots near the edge of the resource grid are averaged less as they have no neighbors outside of the grid. For `cec.FreqWindow` = 12×X (i.e. any multiple of 12) and `cec.TimeWindow` = 1 the estimator enters a special case where an averaging window of (12×X)-in-frequency is used to average the pilot estimates; the averaging is always applied across (12×X) subcarriers, even at the upper and lower band edges; therefore the first (6×X) symbols at the upper and lower band edge have the same channel estimate. This operation ensures that averaging is always done on 12 (or a multiple of 12) symbols. This provides the appropriate despreading operation required for the case multi-antenna transmission where the DM-RS signals associated with each antenna occupy the same time/frequency locations but use different orthogonal cover codes to allow them to be differentiated at the receiver. The `'TestEVM'` pilot averaging ignores other structure fields in `cec`, and follows the method described in TS 36.101, Annex F for the purposes of transmitter EVM testing.

3. Setting `cec.Reference` to `'Antennas'` uses the PUSCH DMRS after precoding onto the transmission antennas as the reference for channel estimation. In this case, the precoding matrix indicated in `chs.PMI` is used to precode the DMRS layers onto antennas, and the channel estimate, `hest`, is a matrix of size M-by-N-by-`NRxAnts`-by-`chs.NTxAnts`. Setting `cec.Reference` to `'Layers'` uses the PUSCH DMRS without precoding as the reference for channel estimation. The channel estimate, `hest`, is of size M-by-N-by-`NRxAnts`-by-`chs.NLayers`. Setting `cec.Reference` to `'None'` generates no internal reference signals, and the channel estimation can be performed on arbitrary known REs as given by the `refgrid` argument. This approach can be used to provide a `refgrid` containing the SRS signals created on all `NTxAnts`, allowing for full-rank channel estimation for the purposes of PMI selection when the PUSCH is transmitted with less than full rank.

4. When `rxgrid` contains more than one subframe, `cec.Window` provides control of the location of the subframe for which channel estimation is performed. This allows channel estimation for the subframe of interest to be aided by the presence of pilot symbols occupying the same resource block in subframes before and/or after that subframe. For example, if `rxgrid` contains five subframes, `'Left'` estimates the last first subframe in `rxgrid`, `'Centred'`/`'Centered'` estimates the third (middle) subframe, and `'Right' ` estimates the last subframe. The parameter `ue.NSubframe` corresponds to the chosen subframe. So, with three subframes and `cec.Window` = `'Right'`, `rxgrid` corresponds to subframes (`ue.NSubframe-2`, `ue.NSubframe-1`, `ue.NSubframe`). The `hest` output will be the same size as `rxgrid` and will correspond to the same subframe numbers. All locations other than the estimated subframe will contain zeros.

Data Types: `struct`

Reference array of known transmitted data symbols in their correct locations, specified as an NSC-by-NSym-by-NT array of complex symbols. All other locations, such as DM-RS Symbols and unknown data symbol locations, must be represented by a `NaN`. The first two dimensions of `rxgrid` and `refgrid` must be the same.

• NSC is the number of subcarriers.

• NSym = NSF × NSymPerSF

• NSF is the total number of subframes. If NSF is greater than one, the correct region is extracted from the returned `hest` array. The location of the estimated subframe within `hest` is specified using the parameter field `cec.Window`.

• NSymPerSF is the number of SC-FDMA symbols per subframe.

• For normal cyclic prefix, each subframe contains 14 SC-FDMA symbols.

• For extended cyclic prefix, each subframe contains 12 SC-FDMA symbols.

• NT is the number of transmit antennas, `ue``.``NTxAnts`

For `cec`.`InterpType` = `'None'`, values in `refgrid` are treated as reference symbols and the resulting `hest` contains non-zero values in their locations. A typical use for `refgrid` is to provide values of the SRS transmitted at some point during the time span of `rxgrid`. The SRS values can be used to enhance the channel estimation.

Data Types: `double`
Complex Number Support: Yes

## Output Arguments

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Channel estimate between each transmit and receive antenna, returned as an NSC-by-NSym-by-NR-by-NT array of complex symbols.

• NSC is the number of subcarriers.

• NSym is the number of SC-FDMA symbols.

• NR is the number of receive antennas.

• NT is the number of transmit antennas, `ue``.``NTxAnts`.

Optionally, the channel estimator can be configured to use the DM-RS layers as the reference signal. In this case, the 4-D array is an NSC-by-NSym-by-NR-by-NLayers array of complex symbols, where NLayers is the number of transmission layers.

Noise estimate, returned as a numeric scalar. This output is the power spectral density of the noise present on the estimated channel response coefficients.

## Algorithms

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The channel estimation algorithm is described in the following steps.

1. Extract the demodulation reference signals, or pilot symbols, for a transmit-receive antenna pair from the allocated physical resource blocks within the received subframe.

2. Average the least-squares estimates to reduce any unwanted noise from the pilot symbols.

3. Using the cleaned pilot symbol estimates, interpolate to obtain an estimate of the channel for the entire number of subframes passed into the function.

### Least-Squares Estimation

The least-squares estimates of the reference signals are obtained by dividing the received pilot symbols by their expected value. The least-squares estimates are affected by any system noise. This noise needs to be removed or reduced to achieve a reasonable estimation of the channel at pilot symbol locations.

### Noise Reduction and Interpolation

To minimize the effects of noise on the pilot symbol estimates, the least-squares estimates are averaged. This simple method produces a substantial reduction in the level of noise found on the pilot symbols. The pilot symbol averaging method uses an averaging window defined by the user. The averaging window size is measured in resource elements; any pilot symbols located within the window are used to average the value of the pilot symbol found at the center of the window.

Then, the averaged pilot symbol estimates are used to perform a 2-D interpolation across allocated physical resource blocks. The location of pilot symbols within the subframe is not ideally suited to interpolation. To account for this positioning, virtual pilots are created and placed out with the area of the current subframe. This placement allows complete and accurate interpolation to be performed.

### Note

The PUSCH channel estimator is only able to deal with contiguous allocation of resource blocks in time and frequency.

## References

[1] 3GPP TS 36.101. “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) Radio Transmission and Reception.” 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network. URL: https://www.3gpp.org.