Winding

Electromagnetic converter with ohmic and magnetic flux losses

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Libraries:
Simscape / Electrical / Passive

Description

The Winding block represents an electromagnetic converter with winding resistance and leakage reluctance. You can use this block as a base component for building custom transformers. For an ideal electromagnetic converter, see the Electromagnetic Converter.

When you apply a positive current across the electrical ports of the block, a positive magnetomotive force (MMF) is induced across the magnetic terminals.

$$\mathcal{F}=Ni$$

Where:

• ℱ is the MMF across the magnetic terminals of the block

• N is the number of winding turns

• i is the current through the winding

When you apply a positive time-varying flux across the magnetic terminals of the block, a negative voltage is induced across the electrical terminals of the block.

$$v=-N\frac{d\varphi }{dt}+\frac{N^2}{{\mathcal{R}}_l}\frac{di}{dt}+R_{w}i$$

Where:

• φ is the flux through the magnetic terminals of the block

• i is the current through the electrical terminals of the block

• ℛ_l is the leakage reluctance

• R_w is the winding resistance

• ℱ is the magnetomotive force across the magnetic terminals of the block

• v is the voltage drop across the electrical terminals of the block

This figure shows the equivalent circuit for the block.

In the diagram, φ_mp corresponds to the main-path flux and φ to the total flux. You can set the initial condition for the total flux in the block's Variables tab.

Faults

To model a fault in the Winding block, in the Faults section, click Add fault next to the fault that you want to model. For more information about fault modeling, see Fault Behavior Modeling and Fault Triggering.

Instantaneous changes in the winding parameters are unphysical. Therefore, when the Winding block enters the faulted state, short-circuit and open-circuit voltages transition to their faulted values over a period of time based on this formula:

CurrentValue = FaultedValue – (FaultedValue – UnfaultedValue) · sech(∆t / τ)

where:

• ∆t is time since the onset of the fault condition.

• τ is user-defined time constant associated with the fault transition.

For short-circuit faults, the conductance of the short-circuit path also changes according to the sech(∆t / τ) function from a small value (representing an open-circuit path) to a large value.

Faultable windings often require that you use the fixed-step local solver, especially if your model transitions to a faulted state that includes short circuits. For more information, see Making Optimal Solver Choices for Physical Simulation.

Fault Triggers

You specify how and when faults occur by using the Trigger type parameter.

If you set the Trigger type to Behavioral, the Winding block triggers fault events when:

• The current continuously exceeds the value of the Maximum permissible current parameter for a duration longer than the value of the Time to fail when exceeding current parameter.

• The voltage exceeds the Maximum permissible voltage a certain number of times, specified by the Number of events to fail when exceeding voltage parameter value.

If you set the Trigger type to Conditional, you can choose whether faults in the Winding block are reversible (since R2025a). To model irreversible faults, click Open fault properties to open the Property Inspector and select the Trigger stays on once activated parameter. The block enters the faulted state when the trigger condition becomes true for the first time and remains in the faulted state for the rest of the simulation. To model reversible faults, clear the Trigger stays on once activated parameter. The block enters the faulted state when the trigger condition is true and enters the unfaulted state when the trigger condition is false.

For more information about adding faults to blocks and specifying fault triggers, see Introduction to Simscape Faults.

Variables

To set the priority and initial target values for the block variables before simulation, use the Initial Targets section in the block dialog box or Property Inspector. For more information, see Set Priority and Initial Target for Block Variables.

Use nominal values to specify the expected magnitude of a variable in a model. Using system scaling based on nominal values increases the simulation robustness. Nominal values can come from different sources. One of these sources is the Nominal Values section in the block dialog box or Property Inspector. For more information, see System Scaling by Nominal Values.

Examples

Three-Phase Custom Zigzag Transformer

Two different ways to create a custom transformer component. The first uses built-in library blocks to lay out the magnetic circuit as a masked Simulink® subsystem. The second builds a custom Simscape™ component using the Simscape language.

• Open Model

Push-Pull Buck Converter in Continuous Conduction Mode

Control the output voltage of a push-pull buck converter. The current flowing through the inductor is never zero. The DC-DC converter therefore operates in continuous conduction mode (CCM). To convert and maintain the nominal output voltage, the PI Controller subsystem uses a simple integral control. During startup, the reference voltage ramps up to the desired output voltage.

• Open Model

Push-Pull Buck Converter in Discontinuous Conduction Mode

Control the output voltage of a push-pull buck converter. The current flowing through the inductor reaches zero during the switch off cycle of the MOSFETs and therefore the DC-DC converter operates in Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM). This mode of conduction is mostly used for low-power applications. To convert and maintain the input DC voltage as a nominal output voltage, the PI Controller subsystem uses a simple integral control. During startup, the reference voltage is ramped up to the desired output voltage.

• Open Model

Ports

Conserving

+ — Positive terminal

electrical

Electrical conserving port associated with the positive terminal of the block.

- — Negative terminal

electrical

Electrical conserving port associated with the negative terminal of the block.

N — North terminal

magnetic

Magnetic conserving port associated with the north terminal of the block.

S — South terminal

magnetic

Magnetic conserving port associated with the south terminal of the block.

Parameters

Main

Number of winding turns — Winding turn count

10 (default) | positive number

Number of wire turns on the transformer winding.

Winding resistance — Series resistance

1e-3 Ohm (default) | positive number

Power loss in the winding.

Leakage reluctance — Parallel reluctance

1e5 1/H (default) | positive number

Magnetic flux loss in the winding. If you do not want to model the leakage internally to the Winding block, set this parameter to inf.

Parallel conductance — Parallel conductance

0 1/Ohm (default) | positive number

Parallel leakage path, Simulation of some circuits may require the presence of a small parallel conductance.

Thermal Port

Thermal port — Whether to model thermal port

Omit (default) | Model

Whether to model the thermal port of the winding. The thermal port reports the winding resistance losses.

Measurement temperature — Measurement temperature

25 K (default)

The temperature for which the winding parameters are quoted.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Thermal port to Model.

Resistance temperature coefficient — Resistance temperature coefficient

3.93e-3 1/K (default)

Coefficient α in the equation relating resistance to temperature, as described in Thermal Model for Actuator Blocks. The default value is for copper.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Thermal port to Model.

Winding Thermal mass — Thermal mass for winding

100 J/K (default)

The thermal mass value for the winding. The thermal mass is the energy required to raise the temperature by one degree.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Thermal port to Model.

Faults

Winding fault — Option to model fault in winding

Add fault (default)

Option to model a fault in the Winding block.

To add a fault, click the Add fault hyperlink.

Location of fault node (% of total turns from - terminal) — Percentage of turns in the subinductor that is in contact with the – port of the faulted winding

50 (default) | scalar in the range (0,100)

Faults are enabled by segmenting the faulted winding into two coupled subinductors, connected in a series. The inductance is proportional to the square of the number of turns in the respective segment, and the series resistance of each subinductor is proportional to the number of turns in each segment. The parallel conductance spans both segments.

This parameter indicates the percentage of turns that are assigned to the subinductor that is in contact with the – port of the faulted winding. The remaining turns are assigned to the other subinductor. The default value is 50, which means that the overall inductance of the faulted winding is divided into two equal, coupled subinductors.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, click the Add fault hyperlink for the Winding fault parameter.

Short-circuit turns — Select whether fault results in one of the segments being short-circuited

No (default) | To negative terminal | To positive terminal

Select whether the fault results in one of the subinductor segments being short-circuited:

• No — The fault does not produce a short circuit.

• To negative terminal — The fault short-circuits the subinductor that is in contact with the – port of the block.

• To positive terminal — The fault short-circuits the subinductor that is in contact with the + port of the block.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, click the Add fault hyperlink in the Winding fault parameter.

Open-circuit at fault node — Select whether to apply an open-circuit fault between the segments

No (default) | Yes

Select whether to apply an open-circuit fault between the two subinductor segments. Even with an open-circuit fault, the characteristics of the subinductors are still related because they are magnetically coupled even in the faulted state.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, click the Add fault hyperlink in the Winding fault parameter.

Ground fault — Select whether fault results in one of the segments being short-circuited

No (default) | Negative terminal side of fault node | Positive terminal side of fault node

Select whether, in case of fault, there is a path for current to flow towards the ground node:

• No — The fault does not result in a connection to ground.

• Negative terminal side of fault node — The side that is in contact with the – port of the block is connected to ground.

• Positive terminal side of fault node — The side that is in contact with the + port of the block is connected to ground.

If the Open-circuit at fault node parameter is set to Yes, you must specify which side (negative or positive) is connected to ground. If there is no open circuit, the two options behave similarly. Physically, this corresponds to a breakdown in the insulation between the windings and the grounded core or chassis.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, click the Add fault hyperlink in the Winding fault parameter.

Conductance of faulted ground path — Mutual coupling between the two subinductors

0 1/Ohm (default) | nonnegative scalar

Conductance of the current path to ground. For example, if the path to ground is through the core material, then specify a small conductance value depending on the core material being used. For highly conductive core material or for chassis-shorts, specify a higher conductance value.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, click the Add fault hyperlink in the Winding fault parameter and set Ground fault to Negative terminal side of fault node or Positive terminal side of fault node.

Fault transition time constant — Time constant for the transition to faulted state

1e-3 s (default) | positive scalar

Time constant associated with the transition to the faulted state, as described in Faults.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, click the Add fault hyperlink in the Winding fault parameter.

Trigger type — Trigger type

Always on (default) | Timed | Behavioral | Additional triggers | Conditional | Manual

Trigger type, specified as one of these options:

• Always On — The fault injects at the start of the simulation.

• Timed — The fault injects when the simulation time reaches the value you specify for the Trigger fault at time parameter.

• Behavioral — The fault injects as a result of fault parameter values during simulation. Setting Trigger type to Behavioral enables block parameters that define the failure conditions.

• Additional triggers — The fault injects as a result of additional triggers not available in the block dialog box. Select this option and click the Open fault properties hyperlink to set the Trigger type to one of these values in the Property Inspector:

  • Conditional — The fault injects as a result of a condition that reflects a behavior associated with a signal. Conditionals evaluate the Boolean expression in the Condition parameter at each time step. To model irreversible faults, select the Trigger stays on once activated parameter in the Property Inspector. The block enters the faulted state when the trigger condition becomes true for the first time and remains in the faulted state for the rest of the simulation. To model reversible faults, clear the Trigger stays on once activated parameter. The block enters the faulted state when the trigger condition is true and enters the unfaulted state when the trigger condition is false. To learn more, see Create and Manage Conditionals.

  • Manual — The fault injects or clears when you toggle the status in the Fault Dashboard pane. To learn more, see Manually Trigger Faults in Models.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, click the Add fault hyperlink in the Winding fault parameter.

Trigger fault at time — Time before entering faulted state

0 s (default) | nonnegative scalar

Simulation time at which the block enters the faulted state.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, click the Add fault hyperlink in the Winding fault parameter and set Trigger type to Timed.

Maximum permissible voltage — Voltage threshold to fault transition

100 V (default) | positive scalar

Voltage threshold to a fault transition. If the voltage value exceeds this threshold a certain number of times, specified by the Number of events to fail when exceeding voltage parameter value, then the block enters the fault state.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, click the Add fault hyperlink in the Winding fault parameter and set Trigger type to Behavioral.

Number of events to fail when exceeding voltage — Maximum number of times the voltage can exceed the threshold

1 (default) | positive scalar

Number of voltage overshoots that the inductor can withstand before the fault transition begins. This block does not check the time spent in the overvoltage condition, only the number of transitions.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, click the Add fault hyperlink in the Winding fault parameter and set Trigger type to Behavioral.

Maximum permissible current — Current threshold for fault transition

1 A (default) | positive scalar

Current threshold for a fault transition. The block enters the faulted state if the current continuously exceeds this value for a period longer than the value of the Time to fail when exceeding current parameter.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, click the Add fault hyperlink in the Winding fault parameter and set Trigger type to Behavioral.

Time to fail when exceeding current — Maximum length of time the current exceeds the threshold

1 s (default) | nonnegative scalar

Amount of time that the current must continuously exceed the maximum permissible current before a fault triggers.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, click the Add fault hyperlink in the Winding fault parameter and set Trigger type to Behavioral.

Trigger configuration — Option to enable additional trigger types

Open fault properties

Option to enable additional trigger types not available in the block dialog box. To set the Trigger type parameter to Conditional or Manual, click the Open fault properties hyperlink and set the Trigger type in the Property Inspector.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, click the Add fault hyperlink in the Winding fault parameter and set Trigger type to Additional triggers.

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using Simulink® Coder™.

Version History

Introduced in R2018a

R2025a: Model Reversible Conditional Faults

You can now model reversible conditional faults in the Winding block by clearing the Trigger stays on once activated parameter. The block enters the faulted state when the trigger condition is true and enters the unfaulted state when the trigger condition is false.

Before R2025a, the block enters the faulted state when the trigger condition becomes true for the first time and remains in the faulted state for the rest of the simulation.

If you create a model before R2025a and enable a conditional fault in the Winding block, the block now selects the Trigger stays on once activated parameter by default for backward compatibility.

R2023a: Implement temporal or behavioral triggers for faults using a single parameter

The Enable temporal trigger and Enable behavioral trigger parameters have been removed and are replaced with the Fault trigger parameter. You can set the Fault trigger parameter to Temporal or Behavioral. You can enable only one trigger.

If you created a model in an earlier release and enabled both temporal and behavioral triggers, now only the temporal trigger is enabled. Therefore, the simulation results are different if the behavioral trigger causes the fault in your model.

If you want to trigger a fault at a specific time, set the Fault trigger parameter to Temporal. If you want to determine whether a system fails and, if so, when it fails, set the Fault Trigger parameter to Behavioral.