# Linear Analysis of Tuning Fork

This example shows how to linearize the structural model of a tuning fork and calculate the time and frequency response when it is subjected to an impulse on one of the tines. This load results in transverse vibration of the tines and axial vibration of the end handle at same frequency. For more details about the structural model, see Structural Dynamics of Tuning Fork (Partial Differential Equation Toolbox).

This example requires Partial Differential Equation Toolbox™ software.

### Tuning Fork Structural Model

Using Partial Differential Equation Toolbox, create a structural model of the tuning fork.

Use `createpde` (Partial Differential Equation Toolbox) to construct a structural model.

`model = createpde('structural','transient-solid');`

Import and plot the tuning fork geometry.

```importGeometry(model,'TuningFork.stl'); figure pdegplot(model)```

Specify the Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and mass density to model linear elastic material behavior. Specify all physical properties in consistent units.

```E = 210E9; nu = 0.3; rho = 8000; structuralProperties(model,'YoungsModulus',E, ... 'PoissonsRatio',nu, ... 'MassDensity',rho); generateMesh(model,'Hmax',0.005);```

Identify faces for applying boundary constraints and loads by plotting the geometry with face labels.

```figure('units','normalized','outerposition',[0 0 1 1]) pdegplot(model,'FaceLabels','on') view(-50,15) title('Geometry with Face Labels')```

The first mode of vibration of the tines is about 2926 rad/s. You can determine this value by modal analysis (see Structural Dynamics of Tuning Fork (Partial Differential Equation Toolbox)) or from the Bode plot in the Linear Analysis section of this example.

Calculate the corresponding period of oscillations.

`T = 2*pi/2926;`

Add boundary conditions to prevent rigid body motion when applying an impulse to the tine. Typically, you hold a tuning fork by hand or mount it on a table. A simplified approximation to this boundary condition is fixing a region near the intersection of tines and the handle (faces 21 and 22).

`structuralBC(model,'Face',[21,22],'Constraint','fixed');`

To model an impulse load on the tine, apply a pressure load for 2% of the fundamental period of oscillation `T` using `structuralBoundaryLoad` (Partial Differential Equation Toolbox). By using this very short pressure pulse, you ensure that only the fundamental mode of the tuning fork is excited. Specify the label `Pressure` to use this load as a linearization input.

```Te = 0.02*T; structuralBoundaryLoad(model,'Face',11,'Pressure',5e6,'EndTime',Te,'Label','Pressure');```

Set initial conditions for the model using `structuralIC` (Partial Differential Equation Toolbox).

`structuralIC(model,'Displacement',[0;0;0],'Velocity',[0;0;0]);`

### Structural Model Linearization

For this tuning fork model, you want to obtain a linear model from the pressure load on the tine to the y-displacement of the tine tip (face 12) and x-displacement of the end handle (face 6).

To do so, first specify the inputs and the outputs of the linearized model in terms of the structural model. Here, the input is the pressure specified with `structuralBoundaryLoad` (Partial Differential Equation Toolbox) and the outputs are the y and x degrees of freedom of faces 12 and 6, respectively.

```linearizeInput(model,'Pressure'); linearizeOutput(model,'Face',12,'Component','y'); linearizeOutput(model,'Face',6,'Component','x');```

Then, use the `linearize` (Partial Differential Equation Toolbox) command to extract the `mechss` model.

`sys = linearize(model)`
```Sparse continuous-time second-order model with 26 outputs, 1 inputs, and 3240 degrees of freedom. Use "spy" and "showStateInfo" to inspect model structure. Type "properties('mechss')" for a list of model properties. Type "help mechssOptions" for available solver options for this model. ```

In the linearized model, use `sys.OutputGroup` to locate the outputs associated with each face.

`sys.OutputGroup`
```ans = struct with fields: Face12_y: [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13] Face6_x: [14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26] ```

Select one node from each output group to create a model with one input and two outputs.

`sys = sys([1,14],:)`
```Sparse continuous-time second-order model with 2 outputs, 1 inputs, and 3240 degrees of freedom. Use "spy" and "showStateInfo" to inspect model structure. Type "properties('mechss')" for a list of model properties. Type "help mechssOptions" for available solver options for this model. ```
`sys.OutputName = {'y tip','x base'};`

The resultant model is defined by the following set of equations:

`$\mathit{M}\stackrel{¨}{\mathit{q}}+\mathit{K}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathit{q}=\mathit{B}×\mathrm{Pressure}$`

`$\mathit{y}=\mathit{F}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathit{q}$`

Use `spy` to visualize the sparsity of the `mechss` model `sys`.

```figure spy(sys)```

### Linear Analysis

Enable parallel computing and choose `'tfbdf3'` as the differential algebraic equation (DAE) solver.

```sys.SolverOptions.UseParallel = true; sys.SolverOptions.DAESolver = 'trbdf3';```

Use `bode` to compute the frequency response of this model.

```w = logspace(3,6,1000); figure bode(sys,w) ```
```Starting parallel pool (parpool) using the 'local' profile ... Connected to the parallel pool (number of workers: 6). ```
```grid title('Frequency Response from Pressure to Y Tip and X Base')```

The plot clearly shows the tine and the end handle vibrate at the same frequency. The first mode is at approximately 2926 rad/s and second resonance is at a frequency approximately six times higher.

Next use `lsim` to obtain the impulse response of the linearized tuning fork model for 20 periods of the fundamental mode. To limit error due to linear interpolation of pressure between samples, use a step size of `Te/10`. The pressure is applied for the time interval [0 `Te`].

```ncycle = 20; Tf = ncycle*T; h = Te/10; t = 0:h:Tf; u = zeros(size(t)); u(t<=Te) = 5e6; y = lsim(sys,u,t);```

Plot the transverse displacement at the tine tip and axial displacement of the end handle.

```figure plot(t,y(:,1)) title('Transverse Displacement at Tine Tip') xlim([0,Tf]) xlabel('Time') ylabel('Y-Displacement') legend('Linearized model')```

```figure plot(t,y(:,2)) title('Axial Displacement at End of Handle') xlim([0,Tf]) ylabel('X-Displacement') xlabel('Time') legend('Linearized model')```