DAGNetwork

Directed acyclic graph (DAG) network for deep learning

Description

A DAG network is a neural network for deep learning with layers arranged as a directed acyclic graph. A DAG network can have a more complex architecture in which layers have inputs from multiple layers and outputs to multiple layers.

Creation

There are several ways to create a DAGNetwork object:

• Load a pretrained network such as squeezenet, googlenet, resnet50, resnet101, or inceptionv3. For an example, see Load SqueezeNet Network. For more information about pretrained networks, see Pretrained Deep Neural Networks.

• Train or fine-tune a network using trainNetwork. For an example, see Train Deep Learning Network to Classify New Images.

• Import a pretrained network from TensorFlow™-Keras, TensorFlow 2, Caffe, or the ONNX™ (Open Neural Network Exchange) model format.

  • For a Keras model, use importKerasNetwork. For an example, see Import and Plot Keras Network.

  • For a TensorFlow model in the saved model format, use importTensorFlowNetwork. For an example, see Import TensorFlow Network as DAGNetwork to Classify Image.

  • For a Caffe model, use importCaffeNetwork. For an example, see Import Caffe Network.

  • For an ONNX model, use importONNXNetwork. For an example, see Import ONNX Network.

• Assemble a deep learning network from pretrained layers using the assembleNetwork function.

Note

To learn about other pretrained networks, see Pretrained Deep Neural Networks.

Properties

Layers — Network layers

Layer array

Network layers, specified as a Layer array.

Connections — Layer connections

table

Layer connections, specified as a table with two columns.

Each table row represents a connection in the layer graph. The first column, Source, specifies the source of each connection. The second column, Destination, specifies the destination of each connection. The connection sources and destinations are either layer names or have the form 'layerName/IOName', where 'IOName' is the name of the layer input or output.

Data Types: table

InputNames — Network input layer names

cell array

Network input layer names, specified as a cell array of character vectors.

Data Types: cell

OutputNames — Network output layer names

cell array

Network output layer names, specified as a cell array of character vectors.

Data Types: cell

Object Functions

activations	Compute deep learning network layer activations
classify	Classify data using a trained deep learning neural network
predict	Predict responses using a trained deep learning neural network
plot	Plot neural network layer graph

Examples

Create Simple DAG Network

Create a simple directed acyclic graph (DAG) network for deep learning. Train the network to classify images of digits. The simple network in this example consists of:

• A main branch with layers connected sequentially.

• A shortcut connection containing a single 1-by-1 convolutional layer. Shortcut connections enable the parameter gradients to flow more easily from the output layer to the earlier layers of the network.

Create the main branch of the network as a layer array. The addition layer sums multiple inputs element-wise. Specify the number of inputs for the addition layer to sum. All layers must have names and all names must be unique.

layers = [
    imageInputLayer([28 28 1],'Name','input')
    
    convolution2dLayer(5,16,'Padding','same','Name','conv_1')
    batchNormalizationLayer('Name','BN_1')
    reluLayer('Name','relu_1')
    
    convolution2dLayer(3,32,'Padding','same','Stride',2,'Name','conv_2')
    batchNormalizationLayer('Name','BN_2')
    reluLayer('Name','relu_2')
    convolution2dLayer(3,32,'Padding','same','Name','conv_3')
    batchNormalizationLayer('Name','BN_3')
    reluLayer('Name','relu_3')
    
    additionLayer(2,'Name','add')
    
    averagePooling2dLayer(2,'Stride',2,'Name','avpool')
    fullyConnectedLayer(10,'Name','fc')
    softmaxLayer('Name','softmax')
    classificationLayer('Name','classOutput')];

Create a layer graph from the layer array. layerGraph connects all the layers in layers sequentially. Plot the layer graph.

lgraph = layerGraph(layers);
figure
plot(lgraph)

Create the 1-by-1 convolutional layer and add it to the layer graph. Specify the number of convolutional filters and the stride so that the activation size matches the activation size of the 'relu_3' layer. This arrangement enables the addition layer to add the outputs of the 'skipConv' and 'relu_3' layers. To check that the layer is in the graph, plot the layer graph.

skipConv = convolution2dLayer(1,32,'Stride',2,'Name','skipConv');
lgraph = addLayers(lgraph,skipConv);
figure
plot(lgraph)

Create the shortcut connection from the 'relu_1' layer to the 'add' layer. Because you specified two as the number of inputs to the addition layer when you created it, the layer has two inputs named 'in1' and 'in2'. The 'relu_3' layer is already connected to the 'in1' input. Connect the 'relu_1' layer to the 'skipConv' layer and the 'skipConv' layer to the 'in2' input of the 'add' layer. The addition layer now sums the outputs of the 'relu_3' and 'skipConv' layers. To check that the layers are connected correctly, plot the layer graph.

lgraph = connectLayers(lgraph,'relu_1','skipConv');
lgraph = connectLayers(lgraph,'skipConv','add/in2');
figure
plot(lgraph);

Load the training and validation data, which consists of 28-by-28 grayscale images of digits.

[XTrain,YTrain] = digitTrain4DArrayData;
[XValidation,YValidation] = digitTest4DArrayData;

Specify training options and train the network. trainNetwork validates the network using the validation data every ValidationFrequency iterations.

options = trainingOptions('sgdm', ...
    'MaxEpochs',8, ...
    'Shuffle','every-epoch', ...
    'ValidationData',{XValidation,YValidation}, ...
    'ValidationFrequency',30, ...
    'Verbose',false, ...
    'Plots','training-progress');
net = trainNetwork(XTrain,YTrain,lgraph,options);

Display the properties of the trained network. The network is a DAGNetwork object.

net

net = 
  DAGNetwork with properties:

         Layers: [16×1 nnet.cnn.layer.Layer]
    Connections: [16×2 table]
     InputNames: {'input'}
    OutputNames: {'classOutput'}

Classify the validation images and calculate the accuracy. The network is very accurate.

YPredicted = classify(net,XValidation);
accuracy = mean(YPredicted == YValidation)

accuracy = 0.9930

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation

Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.

Usage notes and limitations:

• Only the activations, predict, and classify object functions are supported.

• To create a DAGNetwork object for code generation, see Load Pretrained Networks for Code Generation (MATLAB Coder).

GPU Code Generation

Generate CUDA® code for NVIDIA® GPUs using GPU Coder™.

Usage notes and limitations:

• Only the activations, predict, and classify methods are supported.

• To create a DAGNetwork object for code generation, see Load Pretrained Networks for Code Generation (GPU Coder).